2019
Candidate’s
Handbook
IEEE WCET
IEEE Wireless Communication
Engineering Technologies Certification
Copyright©2019.IEEE.AllRightsReserved.
Thishandbookisupdatedannuallyinthe4thquarterofeachcalendaryear.
Pleasecheckourwebsiteforthemostrecentversionincludinganyrevisionsathttp://www.ieee‐wcet.org/handbook
QUICKREFERENCEGUIDE
ContactInformation
IEEEWCETCertificationProgram
IEEECommunicationsSociety(IEEEComSoc)
3ParkAvenue,17thFloor
NewYork,NY10016USA
Tel:+12127058900
Fax:+12127058999
email:[email protected]
website:www.ieee‐wcet.org
PearsonVUE
website:www.pearsonvue.com/wcet
ContactPearsonVUEtoscheduleyourtest
afteryoureceiveyourAuthorizationto
Scheduleemail.
Important
2019Dates
TestingWindow ApplicationPeriod ApplicationDeadline
22April–
18May2019
2January2019–
5April2019
5April2019by
23:59p.m.UTC
23September–
19October2019
22April–
6September2019
\6September2019by
23:59p.m.UTC
ExaminationandOtherFees
IEEEWCETtotalexaminationfeeforIEEEandIEEEComSocmembers
IEEEWCETtotalexaminationfeefornonmembers

US$450*
US$550*
Onlinepracticeexamination
Startingin2017,therecertificationperiodisthreeyears.Seepage22forinformation
aboutrecertifyingdependingonwhetheryoucurrentlyholdathree‐yearorafive‐year
certification.
RecertificationfeeforIEEEandIEEEComSocmembers
Recertificationfeefornonmembers
US$50
US$180
US$210
*AnonrefundableUS$175applicationfeeisincludedinthetotalexaminationfee.
Application,Scheduling/Rescheduling,Withdrawal,Refund,andOtherInformation
ApplyfortheIEEEWCETcertification Visitwww.ieee‐wcet.org/apply
Updateyourcontactinformation Email[email protected]
Scheduleanappointment Visitwww.pearsonvue.com/wcetafterreceivingyourAuthorizationto
Schedulenoticeandcontinueonlineorbycallingtheappropriateoffice
whichcanbefoundatwww.pearsonvue/pti/contact
Cancelorrescheduleanappointment Visitwww.pearsonvue.com/wcetafterreceivingyourAuthorizationto
Schedulenoticeandcontinueonlineorbycallingtheappropriateoffice,
whichcanbefoundatwww.pearsonvue/pti/contact
WithdrawyourIEEEWCETcertification
application(noappointment)
Sendanemailtocert@comsoc.orgwith“WITHDRAWWCETAPPLICATION”
intheSubjectline
Refundrequests Sendanemailtocert@comsoc.orgwith“WCETEXAMREFUNDREQUEST”
intheSubjectline
Specialaccommodationrequest Sendanemailtocert@comsoc.orgwith“SPECIALACCOMMODATION
REQUEST”intheSubjectline
ForQuestions,ConcernsorGroupDiscountsContact:[email protected]
2IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
Contents
Introduction
CertificationOverview3
IEEEWCETExaminationOverview4
Apply
RecommendedEducationandExperience6
ApplicationandExaminationFees7
TestingWindowsandApplicationDeadlines7
SpecialAccommodationRequests7
CompletingandSubmittingtheApplication8
UpdatingContactInformation8
ApplicationAudits9
ScheduleYourExam
ScheduleanAppointment10
TestingCenterLocations11
PearsonVUERegionalOfficeInformation11
AppointmentChanges,Withdrawals,andRefunds12
Prepare
StudyingfortheExamination15
OnExaminationDay
PresentingPositiveProofofIdentity16
TestingCenterRules17
InclementWeatherandLocalorNationalEmergencies18
SecurityAcknowledgementandAgreement19
AftertheExamination
ReceivingExaminationResults20
RetakingtheExamination20
DuplicateScoreReports/ReplacementCertificates20
Recertification
Recertification22
AppendixA
WCETExaminationSpecifications26
AppendixB
SuggestedReferences38
AppendixC
SampleExaminationQuestions39
AppendixD
Glossary43
AppendixE
Constants,ConversionsandEquations50
IEEECommunicationsSociety
AbouttheIEEECommunicationsSociety52
Top5ReasonsforOrganizationsto
SupporttheIEEEWCETCredential
SupportingWirelessCommunicationEngineeringTechnologies
Certification53
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)3
2019Candidate’sHandbook
Introduction
IEEEWCETExamination:Highlights
AdministeredoncomputeratPearsonVUETestingCentersworldwide.
Consistsof150scoredquestionsplus15unscoredrandomlydistributedpretestquestions.
Fourhoursareallottedtocompletetheexamination.
Ascalescoreof500orhigher,onascaleof200to800,isrequiredtopass.
CertificationOverview
WhatIsCertification?
Certificationisavoluntaryprocessbywhichindividualsareassessedagainstpredeterminedstandardsfor
knowledge/skills/competenciesandgrantedatime‐limitedcredential.Certifiedindividualsaretypically
issuedacertificateattestingthattheyhavemetthestandardsofthecredentialingorganizationandare
entitledtomakethepublicawareoftheircredential.
Certificationdiffersfromanassessment‐basedcertificateprograminthatsuccessfullyearningtheIEEE
WirelessCommunicationEngineeringTechnologies(IEEEWCET®)certificationrequiresabroad
educationalandexperiencebackground.Incontrast,anassessment‐basedcertificateprogramisa
relativelyshortnon‐degreegrantingprogramthatprovidesinstructionandtrainingtoaidindividualsin
acquiringspecificknowledge/skills/competenciesanddesignatesthatindividualshavepassedanend‐of‐
programassessmentderivedfromthelearning/courseobjectives.Althoughassessmentmaybeanintegral
partofacertificateprogram,theprimarypurposeofsuchaprogramistoprovideinstructionandtraining.
Certificationsetsthosewiththecredentialapartfromthosewithoutit.Advantagesofobtaining
certificationincludepublicrecognitionofprofessionalachievement,withinandoutsidetheprofession,
achievingapersonalprofessionalgoal,testingone’sknowledgeandmeasuringitagainstpeers,andaiding
incareeradvancement.
TheIEEEWCETCertificationProgram
TheIEEECommunicationsSociety(IEEEComSoc)hasdesignedtheIEEEWCET®certificationprogramto
addresstheworldwidewirelessindustry’sgrowingandevolvingneedforqualifiedcommunication
professionalswhocandemonstratepracticalproblem‐solvingskillsinreal‐worldsituations.Individuals
whoachievethiscertificationwillberecognizedashavingtherequiredknowledge,skill,andabilityto
meetchallengesinvariouswirelessindustry,business,corporate,andorganizationalsettings.
PurposeandUseofCertification
TheIEEEWCET®certificationshowsthatanindividualhasdemonstratedmasteryoftheinternationally
recognizedbodyofwirelesscommunicationknowledgeandhasacceptedthechallengetostayinformed
ofnewdevelopmentsinthewirelessfield.TheIEEEWirelessCommunicationsProfessional®(IEEEWCP)
credentialisavisibleremindertopeersandco‐workersofanindividual’ssignificantprofessional
achievement.
4IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
TheWCETcertificationiscompletelyvoluntary.OrganizationsorindividualsincorporatingWCET
certificationasaconditionofemploymentoradvancementdosooftheirownvolition.Individualsshould
determineforthemselveswhethercertification,includingrecommendededucationorexperienceand
recertificationrequirements,whencoupledwithanyotherrequirementsimposedbyindividualsor
organizations,meetstheirneedsandcomplieswithapplicablelaws.
IEEEWCETExaminationOverview
IEEEWCETExamination
TheIEEEWCETexaminationisadministeredoncomputerandconsistsof150scoredmultiple‐choice
questionsplus15unscoredpretestquestionsrandomlydistributedthroughouttheexamination.
QuestionsontheexaminationareinEnglishandarebasedonthemostrecentlypublishedtest
specifications(seeAppendixA).Eachquestionlistsfourpossibleanswers,onlyoneofwhichisthe
corrector“bestpossible”answer.Theanswertoeachquestioncanbederivedindependentlyofthe
answertoanyotherquestion.Four(4)hoursareallottedtocompletetheexamination.Abasicfour‐
function,non‐scientificcalculatorwillbeavailableonlineforuseduringtheexamination.Beforethe
examdate,candidatesshouldvisitthePearsonVUETestingTutorialatwww.pearsonvue.com/athena
tobecomefamiliarwiththecomputer‐basedtestingsystem.Applicantsshouldbefamiliarwiththeuse
ofacomputermouseandawindows‐basedGUIinterface.Aglossaryofcommonlyusedwireless
communicationterms,inadditiontoalistofconstants,conversionsandequationswillbeavailablevia
alinkduringtheexaminationprocess.Theglossaryandconstants,conversionsandequationsare
presentedinAppendicesDandEinthisHandbookandarealsoavailableatwww.ieee‐
wcet.org/glossary.html.Acandidatemustobtainascalescoreof500orhigher,onascaleof200to
800,inordertopasstheexaminationandreceivehisorhercertification.
UseOfACalculatorDuringTheIEEEWCETCertificationExam
Pleasenotethatthecalculatorprovidedduringtheexamisnotascientificcalculator.Thedecisionto
notprovideascientificcalculatorwasmadeaftercarefulconsiderationofthelevelofdifficultyofthe
examquestions.Whileascientificcalculatorishelpfulinsomepracticalsituations,alloftheexam
questionscanbeansweredwithoutusingone,andmostquestionscanbeansweredwithoutusinga
calculatoratall.
IEEEWCETExaminationAreasofExpertise
TheIEEEWCETexaminationconsistsofquestionsinseveraldifferentareasofexpertise.Thetest
specificationsdescribingeachoftheseareas,theexaminationweightings(thepercentageofquestions
allocatedtoeachareaofexpertise),andthedetailedskillsandknowledgecoveredineachareaare
containedinAppendixA.TheexaminationisregularlyreviewedandupdatedbyapanelofIEEEWCET
subjectmatterexpertstoensurethatthequestionsarecurrentandreflectthecurrentpublishedtest
specifications.
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)5
2019Candidate’sHandbook
IEEEWCET
®
CertificationDenialandRevocationAppeals
DenialorRevocationofWCETCertification
Applicationsmaybedeniedorcertificationsrevokedforanyofthefollowingreasons:
• Falsificationormisrepresentationofinformationontheexaminationapplicatio
n;
• Violationoftestingprocedures;
• Failureto
passthecertificationexamination;or
• Failuretomeetrecertificationrequirements.
Candidateswhoseapplicationsaredeniedorcertificationsrevokedforanyoftheabovereasonswillbe
notifiedinwriting.CandidatesmayappealthedecisiontotheWCETAppealsBoardbysubmittingan
appealinwriting.Appealsmust:
• Beinwriting,signedbythecandidate;
• BesenttoIEEECommunicationsSociety‐WCETbycertifiedmail
;
• Explai
nthespecificreason(s)forappe
al;
• Beaccom
paniedbyevidenceorotherpertinentinformationrefutingtheoriginaldecision;and
• Bepostmarkednolaterthanten(10)businessdaysafterthenotificationdateontheletter
denyingorrevokingcertification.
Appealsshouldbeaddressedto:
IEEEWCETAppealsBoard
IEEECommunicationsSociety
3ParkAvenue,17thFloor
NewYork,NY10016USA
AppealsforWCETCertificationDenialandRevocation
Appealre
questswillbereviewedbytheWCETAppealsBoardcomposedoftwoWCETSteeringCommittee
membersortheirdesignees,oneWCETprofessional,oneWCETstaffmember,andanattorneyifdeemed
appropriate.TheAppealsBoardwillreviewtherequestwithin15businessdaysofreceipt,duringwhich
theBoardmayrequestadditionaldocumentation.Allinformationreceivedwillbeconsideredstrictly
confidentialandwillbeusedonlytoreviewtheappeal.
Candidatessubmittinganappealwillreceivewrittennotificationofthedecisionwithin30daysofreceipt
oftherequest.ThisnotificationwillalsobeprovidedtotheWCETSteeringCommittee.TheWCETAppeal
Board’sdecisionisfinal.
6IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
ApplyingfortheExam:Checklist
CheckyoureducationandexperienceagainstWCETrecommendations.
Completeanapplicationatwww.ieee‐wcet.org/apply.
Applicationsaredue5April2019fortestingduringtheSpringwindowand6September2019forthe
Fallwindow.
YournameandaddresssubmittedonyourapplicationmustmatchthetwoformsofIDyouwilluseas
proofofiden
tityatthetestingcenter.Pleaseseepage16foracceptableformsofID.
RecommendedEducationandExperience
TheWC
ETexaminationisabroad‐basedtestthatassessesknowledgeoftheentirewireless
communicationengineeringfield.Ifyouhaveneverbeenawirelesscommunicationengineering
practitioner,ordonotplantobecomeone,youwillneedtoevaluatewhetheritisappropriateforyouto
takethisexamination.TheWCETexaminationisintendedforprofessionalswhodevelopandimplement
alltypesofwirelesscommunicationincountriesaroundtheworld.
TheWCETexamhasbeenconstructedbysubjectmatterexpertstoassesstheskillsandknowledgeof
practicingwirelesscommunicationsprofessionalswiththeequivalentofacollegeoruniversitydegreeand
threeormoreyearsofprofessionalexperience.Thedecisionastowhetheranindividualispreparedto
taketheexamisanassessmentthatshouldbemadebytheapplicantwiththisunderstanding.Inmaking
thedecision,anapplicantshouldconsiderthefollowingfactors:
• Thecollegeoruniversityshouldbeaccreditedinthecountryinwh
ichitislocated.
• Graduate
‐leveleducationalexperiencemaybecomparabletoane
quivalentperiodofprofessional
workexperience.
• “Professi
onalwirelessexperience”meansthatatleast51%ofthecandidate’sactivitiesareinthe
fieldofwirelesscommunicationengineeringandareattheprof
essionallevel.
• Athoroughf
amiliaritywiththetopicscoveredbytheexam,asdescribedinAppendixA
ofthis
Handbook,isnecessarytoachievesuccessontheexamination.
• Suc
cessontheWCETpracticeexam,availableonline,hasbeenshowntobeani
ndicatorthata
candida
teisprobablypreparedtotakethecertificationexamin
ation.
• Applica
ntswithacombinationofabachelor’sdegreeorcomparableeducationplusthree
ormore
yearsofprofessionalexpe
rience–orothersimilarlevelofpr
eparation–havebeenmore
successfulontheexamina
tionthanthosewithlesspreparation.
Theexaminationreflectscurrentwirelesscommunicationengineeringpractices.Althoughthethreeyears
ofprofessionalwirelesscommunicationengineeringexperienceneednotbecurrentorsequential,recent
experienceismorelikelytocoincidewiththecontentoftheexamination.
Candidateswithquestionsabouttherecommendededucationorexperiencecansendanemailto
[email protected].Ultimately,however,itisuptoeachcandidatetodecideifhisorherlevelofeducation
andexperienceissufficienttoapplyfortheexamination.
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)7
2019Candidate’sHandbook
TheWCETcertificationprogramdoesnotdiscriminateonthebasisofrace,religion,nationalorigin,
gender,sexualorientation,ordisability.IEEEMembershipisnotarequirementtotaketheexamand
nothingintheprecedingstatementsshouldbesointerpreted.
ApplicationandExamination
Fees
Theexaminationfeeis
US$450forIEEEorIEEEComSocmembersandUS$550fornonmembers.This
includesaUS$175nonrefundableapplicationfee.Ifyouwouldliketolearnmoreaboutmembershipin
IEEE,visitwww.ieee.orgformoreinformation.CandidatesmustbefullmembersofIEEEatthetimeof
applicationinordertoreceivethediscountandmustincludetheirIEEEmembershipnumberinthe
relevantareaontheapplication.Ifyourmembershipnumberisvalid,youwillbeabletocompletethe
applicationandpaytheUS$450fee.Ifnot,youwillneedtopaytheUS$550fee.
Organizationsoremployersmaysponsorcandidatesfortheexamination.Candidateswhoarebeing
sponsoredbyanemployerwillreceivespecialinstructionsviaemailonhowtosubmittheirapplication.
Examinationfeesaredueatthetimeofapplicationsubmission.ApplicantsmaypaybyVISA,MasterCard,
orAmericanExpress.
TestingWindowsandApplicat
ionDeadlines
The“testing
window”isthetimeperiodduringwhichtheWCETexaminationisoffered.In2019andfuture
years,itisanticipatedthattherewillbetwotestingwindowsannually.The2019testingwindowsrunfrom
22April–18May2019andfrom23September–19October2019.Candidatesmaytestonanydate
duringthetestingwindow,dependingontheavailabilityofappointmentsatPearsonVUEtestingcenters.
Eachtestingwindowhasaspecificapplicationdeadline.ApplicationsfortheSpring2019testingwindow
willbeaccepted2January2019through5April2019.ApplicationsfortheFall2019testingwindowwillbe
acceptedfrom22Aprilthrough6September2019.Applicationandtestingdatesfor2020willbefinalized
byOctober2019.
Special
AccommodationRequests
IEEEComSocwill,tothebe
stofitsability,accommodatecandidateswithdisabilitieswhoneedspecial
arrangementstotaketheexamination.Auxiliaryaidsandserviceswillbeprovidedexceptwherethese
mayfundamentallyaltertheexaminationorresultinanundueburden.PearsonVUEmaybeunableto
complywithspecialaccommodationrequestsmadebycandidatestakingtheexaminationwherelocal
operatingconditionsorlocallawsandcustomsrendersuchrequestsunlawful,impossible,oreconomically
unfeasibletoperform.
Aspecialaccommodationrequestmustbemadebythecandidateatthetimeofapplicationbysendingan
emailto[email protected]with“SPECIALACCOMMODATIONREQUEST”intheSubjectline.Thenatureof
thedisability,identificationofthetest(s)andprotocolsusedtoconfirmthediagnosis,adescriptionofpast
accommodationsmadeforthedisability,andthespecifictestingaccommodationsrequestedmustbe
detailedintheemailrequest.Allinformationsubmittedwillbekeptconfidential.
8IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
CompletingandSubmittingtheApplication
PleasereadthisHandbookcarefullybeforeapplyingtotaketheexaminat
ion.
SubmissionofanapplicationatteststhatyouhavereadthisHandbookandagreetobeboundbyall
policiesandproceduressetforthherein.Italsoatteststhatallinformationpresentedintheapplicationis
correctandthatyouwillabidebyIEEEComSoc’sdecisionshouldanyinformationbejudgedtobe
misrepresentedorfraudulent.Further,youaregrantingpermissiontoIEEEComSoctomakeanyinquiries
thatmaybenecessarytoverifyyoursubmissioninformation.Finally,youareagreeingtoabidebythe
rulesanddecisionofIEEEComSocandunderstandthatfalsificationofinformationonyourapplicationis
groundsforrefusingorrevokingcertification.
ToapplyfortheWCETexamination,gotowww.ieee‐wcet.org/apply.Whencompletingtheapplication,
youwillbeaskedtoprovidecontactinformationandpaymentinformation.Youwillbeaskedtouploada
copyofyourgovernmentissuedIDandtoanswersomedemographicquestions.Pleaseverifythatthe
informationyouhaveenteredonlineiscorrectbeforeyousubmittheapplication.
Allcandidateswhosubmitanapplicationwillreceiveaconfirmationemailwithin24hoursindicatingthat
theirapplicationandexamfeewassuccessfullytransmitted.Candidateswillsubsequentlyreceivevia
emailanAuthorizationtoSchedulenoticeprovidinginformationonhowtoscheduletheexamination.
AuthorizationtoSchedulenoticeswillbeemailedtoallcandidateswithinseven(7)businessdaysof
receiptofacompletedapplication.Thisnoticewillprovidecandidateswiththeinformationneededto
scheduleanexamination.
Applicantsarestronglyadvisedtoapplyonlinewellinadvanceofthedeadlines,sincethevolumeof
applicationsonthelastdayoftheapplicationperiodcanbeheavy.IEEEComSocandProfessionalTesting
arenotresponsibleforsystemproblems(e.g.,websitedownorslow,etc.).
Updating
ContactInformation
AddressChanges
Ifyouraddre
sschangesatanytimeduringtheapplicationperiodortestingwindow,thenyoumustsend
anemailto[email protected]with“WCETADDRESSCHANGE”notedintheSubjectline.
NameChanges
Itisi
mportanttonotifyIEEEComSocpromptlyofanynamechangesfortworeasons:(1)ifthenameon
yourunexpiredgovernment‐issuedIDdoesnotmatchthenameonyourAuthorizationtoSchedulenotice,
youmaybedeniedadmissionintothetestingcenter,and(2)thescorereportandcertificatewillnot
displayyournamecorrectly.
TestingCenterstaffwillrequiretwoformsofID.Ifthenameonyourrecorddoesnotmatchthenameon
yourID,youmaybedeniedadmission,inwhichcaseyouwillforfeitthetestingfee.
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)9
2019Candidate’sHandbook
IfyoufindthatthereisadiscrepancybetweenthenameonyourrecordandthenameonyourofficialID,
sendanemailto[email protected]with“WCETNAMECHANGE”notedintheSubjectline.
Tochangeyournamebecauseofalegalnamechange(e.g.,marriage,divorce),youmustsubmitnotarized
documentationtoIEEEComSocbymail,email,orfaxatleastten(10)businessdaysbeforeyourscheduled
examinationappointment.Itisstronglyrecommendedthatcandidatesuseatraceablemailingmethod
(e.g.,certifiedorregisteredmailorexpeditedmailservicethatrequiresasignature)and/orkeepacopyof
thefaxconfirmationpagetoverifydelivery.Donotsendoriginalsbecausethesedocumentscannotbe
returned.Whensubmittinganamechange,makesurethatyouhaveanunexpiredgovernment‐issuedID
thatmatchestherequestedname.
ApplicationAudits
Submissiono
fanapplicationindicatesyouragreementtocomplywiththetermsoftheauditprocess.
ApplicationsareselectedatrandomforauditsinkeepingwiththeIEEECodeofEthicsprimarilytoensure
thatacandidatehasnotprovidedfalseormisleadinginformationintheapplication.Youmaybeaskedto
provideevidencetosupporttheinformationyouprovidedonyourapplication.Ifyousuccessfully
completetheaudit,youwillbeeligibletositfortheexamination.Ifyoufailtomeettheaudit
requirements,youwillforfeitboththeapplicationandtheexaminationfees.
10IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
AfterApplyingfortheExamination:Reminders
Afterapplyingandpayingthefee,youwillreceiveanAuthorizationtoSchedulenotificationemail.
Locateatestingcenterclosesttoyouatwww.pearsonvue.com/wc
et.
Sche
duleyourappointmentonlineorbyphoneasfarinadvanceaspossibletosecure
yourdesired
testda
te.
Cancelorrescheduleatleast24hourspriortoyourscheduleddate.
ReadthepoliciesonAppointmentChanges,Withdrawals,andRefundscarefully
.
ScheduleanAppointment
Once
youhavesubmittedyourapplicationandpaidtheexamfee,youwillreceiveanAuthorizationto
Scheduleemail.ThisemailincludesauniqueIDnumber,whichisneededtoscheduletheexam.
Youmayscheduleyourexamonlineorbyphone.Whenschedulinganappointment,thefollowing
informationwillberequired:
YournameexactlyasitisprintedontheAuthorizationtoSchedulenoticeandtheunexpired
government‐issuedIDyouwillusetoconfirmyouridentityatthetestingcenter;
YourIDnumberasitislistedatthetopoftheAuthorizationtoSchedulenotice;
Yourdaytimetelephonenumber;and
Thenameoftheexaminationsponsor(IEEECommunicationsSociet
y).
Tosche
duleonline,gototheIEEEComSocexaminationsectionofthePearsonVUEwebsite,
www.pearsonvue.com/wcet,andclickon“ScheduleOnline.”Youwillbepromptedtocreatealoginand
passwordandthenscheduletheexam.Toschedulebyphone,gototheIEEEComSocexaminationsection
ofthePearsonVUEwebsite,www.pearsonvue.com/wcet,andclickon“SchedulebyPhone”tofindthe
phonenumberandhoursofoperationforthecallcenterfortheappropriatecountry.Acustomer‐service
agentwillworkwithyoutofindthemostconvenienttestingcenterandtime.Candidatesschedulingby
phonewillnotreceivewrittenconfirmationoftheirappointmentunlesstheyhaveprovidedanemail
address,soitisimperativetonotetheappointmentdetailsandappointmentconfirmationnumber.
Uponscheduling,youwillreceiveaconfirmationemailfromPearsonVUE.Ifyoudonotreceivetheemail,
youmaynothavecompletedtheschedulingprocess.Aftercheckingyourspamfolder,youshouldcall
PearsonVUEtoaskfortheconfirmationemail.
IEEEComSocurgescandidatestoscheduleexamsassoonasconvenientafterapplicationapproval.The
earlieryouschedule,themorelikelythatapreferredtimeandplacewillbeavailable.Theexam
authorizationisvalidforthecurrentexamtestingwindowonly.Ifyouwishtomovetoanothertesting
windowyouforfeitthe$175.00applicationprocessingfee.
YourappointmentconfirmationnumberisdifferentfromyourIDnumber.Makesureyouretainyour
appointmentconfirmationnumbersinceitisrequiredtoconfirm,reschedule,orcancelanappointment.
Thoseschedulinganappointmentwithin48hoursoftheendoftheapplicationwindowmustdosoby
phoneonly.Toschedulebyphone,callPearsonVUEatthenumberlistedonyourAuthorizationto
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)11
2019Candidate’sHandbook
SchedulenoticeorcontacttheappropriateRegionalOfficewhichcanbefoundat
pearsonvue.com/pti/contact.
Candidateswhocanceltheirexaminationappointmentsbutdonotrequestarefundwillforfeitallfees.
Candidateswhodonotscheduleanappointmentanddonotrequestarefundareconsideredno‐show
candidatesandforfeitallfees.Formoreinformation,seethe“Refunds”sectionofthisHandbook.
Candidatesshouldverifytheirappointmentsassoonaspossible,butnolaterthanthreebusinessdays
beforethescheduledexam.
ScheduleanAppointmentEarly
Candidatess
houldscheduletheirexaminationappointmentassoonaspossibleafterreceivingtheir
AuthorizationtoSchedulenotice.Candidateswhodelayschedulingtheirexaminationuntilthetesting
windowhasopenedrunasignificantriskofnotbeingabletoscheduletheirtestatatimeandlocationof
theirchoice.Inrareinstances,candidateswhoattempttoschedule/rescheduletheirappointmentor
changetheirtestingcenterlocationlateinthetestingwindowmayfindthattheyareunabletoschedule
anexaminationdateandlocation.Ifthisoccurs,candidatesmaywithdrawfromtheexaminationand
applyfora50%refund(US$137.50forIEEEandIEEEComSocmembersandUS$187.50fornonmembers)
oftheirexaminationfee(seethe“Withdrawals”and“Refunds”sectionsinthisHandbook).TheUS$175
applicationfeeisnonrefundable.
TestingCenterLocations
PearsonVUEmaintainsov
er
200PearsonProfessionalCentersthroughouttheUnitedStates,USterritories
andCanadaaswellasapproximately5,000testcentersin180countriesworldwide.Forafulllistof
centersortolocatethecenterclosesttoyouvisithttp://www.pearsonvue.com/wcet/orcalltheRegional
Headquartersbelowservingyourregion.Itisadvisabletophysicallylocateor,ifpossible,visitthetest
locationbeforeexaminationdaytomakesureyoucanfindthetestingcenterandthatyouareawareof
transportationandparkingrequirements.PearsonVUEmaintainsthreeregionalheadquarters,as
follows:
TheAmericas
Bloomington,MNUSA–CorporateHeadquarters
+1‐952‐681‐3000
Asia‐PacificRegion
Uttar
Pradesh,India–RegionalHeadquarters
+91‐120‐4001600
Europe,Mi
ddleEast,AfricaRegion
Manchester,UnitedKingdom–Regional
Headquarters
+44(0)1618
557000
12IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
AppointmentChanges,Withdrawals,andRefunds
AppointmentReschedulingandTestingCenterChanges
Candidatescanrescheduleexaminationappointmentswithintheirtestingwindow.However,testing
windowscannotbechanged.Ifnecessary,candidatescanchangetheirtestingcenterlocation.IEEE
ComSocsharesthePearsonVUEtestingcenterswithmanyotherorganizations,sotestingcenterseats
fillupquickly.Candidatesareadvisedtorescheduleasearlyaspossible.
Candidatesmaycancelanexam(byphoneoronline)withoutpenaltyupto24hoursbeforetheir
appointment.Candidatesmaymakeanewappointment–withoutincurringafee–thenoratanother
time.Ifacandidatefailstokeepanappointmentwithoutcancelingontime,heorshewillbeconsidered
ano‐showandwillforfeittheexamfee.
Candidateswhoattempttorescheduletheirappointmentand/ortestingcenterlocationlateinthetesting
windowcannotbeguaranteedthataseatwillbeavailableandriskforfeitingtheexaminationfee.Ifthis
occurs,candidatesshouldwithdrawandapplyfora50%refund(US$137.50forIEEEandIEEEComSoc
membersandUS$187.50fornonmembers)oftheirexaminationfee(seethe“Withdrawals”and
“Refunds”sectionsinthisHandbook)inordertonotbeconsideredno‐showcandidates.TheUS$175
applicationfeeisnonrefundable.
Torescheduleanappointmentand/ortestingcenterlocation,contactPearsonVUEat
www.pearsonvue.com/wcet,callthenumbershowninyourAuthorizationtoSchedulenotice,orcontact
yourPearsonVUERegionalOffice.
Withdrawals
Candidateswhohaveascheduledappointment,aswellascandidateswhohavenotscheduledan
appointmentwithPearsonVUE,maywithdrawfromtheWCETexamination.Towithdrawfromthe
examination,candidatesmustdothefollowing:
CandidatesWhoHaveaScheduledExaminationAppointment
Candidatesw
hohaveascheduledappointmentmaywithdrawfromtheexaminationbycancellingtheir
appointmentwithPearsonVUE.Tocancelanappointment,contactPearsonVUEat
www.pearsonvue.com/wcet,callthenumbershowninyourAuthorizationtoSchedulenotice,orcontact
yourPearsonVUERegionalOfficewhichcanbefoundatwww.pearsonvue.com/wcet.
OnceyouhavecancelledwithPearsonVUE,youmustsubmityournotificationofwithdrawalviaemailto
[email protected]with“WCETEXAMWITHDRAWAL”notedintheSubjectLine.Thewithdrawal
informationmustbesubmittedonorbeforethelastdayofthetestingwindowinordertoreceivea
refund.SeethefollowingsectiononRefundsformoreinformation.
CandidatesWhoHaveNotScheduledanExaminationAppointment
Candidateswhohavenotscheduledanappointmentandwhowishtowithdrawfromtheexamination
mustsubmittheirnotificationofwithdrawalviaemailtocert@comsoc.orgwith“WCETEXAM
WITHDRAWAL”notedintheSubjectLine.Thewithdrawalinformationmustbesubmittedonorbeforethe
lastdayofthetestingwindowinordertoreceivearefund.
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)13
2019Candidate’sHandbook
Refunds
Candidateswhowithdrawfromtheexaminationonorbeforethelastdayoftheapplicationperiodwill
receivearefundoftheirexaminationfee.Iftheyhavescheduledanexaminationappointment,theymust
notifyPearsonVUEoftheirwithdrawal.TheUS$175applicationfeeisnon‐refundable.Toinitiatethe
refund,candidatesmustsubmittheirExaminationWithdrawalrequestviaemailto[email protected]with
“WCETEXAMWITHDRAWAL”notedintheSubjectlinebeforethelastdayofthetestingwindow.
Candidateswhowithdrawfromtheexaminationafterthelastdayoftheapplicationperiod,butnolater
than12:00noon(RegionalOfficetime)five(5)daysbeforetheirexaminationappointmentwillreceivea
50%refundoftheirexaminationfee(US$137.50forIEEEandIEEEComSocmembersandUS$187.50for
nonmembers).TheUS$175applicationfeeisnonrefundable.TheymustfirstnotifyPearsonVUEthatthey
arecancellingtheappointment.
Candidateswhodonotcanceltheirexaminationappointmentwithinthespecifiedtimeframeand/ordo
notappearforanexaminationappointmentareconsideredno‐showcandidatesandforfeitallfees.
Candidateswhocannottaketheexaminationduetoamedicalorpersonalemergencyshouldreferto
“RefundsforMedicalorPersonalEmergencies”below.
CandidateswhodonotscheduleanexaminationappointmentwithPearsonVUEorwhodonotsubmit
theirExaminationWithdrawalrequestviaemailto[email protected]rgonorbeforethelastdayofthe
testingwindowareconsideredno‐showcandidatesandforfeitallfees.
AllcandidateswillneedtoprovidethefollowingExaminationWithdrawalinformationinordertoobtaina
refund:
Candidate’sfullnameasitappearsontheapplicatio
n;
Candidate’sp
ostalandem
ailaddresses;
IDnu
mber(foundintheAuthorizationtoScheduleno
tice);
Testingcente
rlocation(ifapplicable);
Examinationappointmentdateandtime(ifapplicable);a
nd
Dateandtimetheappoi
ntmentwascanceled(ifapplicable
).
Norefunds
willbeissuedunlesscandidatessubmittheirExaminationWithdrawalinformationwithinthe
specifiedtimeframe.Refundsareissuednolaterthanfour(4)weeksafterthecloseofthetestingwindow.
RefundsforMedicalorPersonalEmergencies
IEEEComSocrecognizesthatmedicalorpersonalemergenciesmayarisethatpreventcandidatesfrom
reschedulingorwithdrawingfromanexaminationappointment.Insuchcases,candidatesmayrequesta
partialrefundoftheirexaminationfeebysubmittingawrittenrequestto[email protected]andincluding
supportingdocumentationastothenatureofthemedicalorpersonalemergency(e.g.,accidentreport,
medicaldocumentation,deathcertificate).Refundrequestsresultingfrommedicalorpersonal
emergencieswillbereviewedonacase‐by‐casebasisandcandidateswillbenotifiedbyemailofthe
outcomeoftherequest.Ifapproved,candidateswillreceivearefundoftheirexaminationfeeminusthe
nonrefundableUS$175applicationfee.Examinationscannotberescheduledtoafuturetestingwindow.
14IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
CandidatesshouldalsocanceltheirappointmentbycontactingPearsonVUEat
www.pearsonvue.com/wcet,callingthenumbershownintheirAuthorizationtoSchedulenotice,or
contactingtheirPearsonVUERegionalOffice.Theywillberequestedtosubmitcopiesofthesupporting
documentationinordertoavoidincurringacancellationfee.
MedicalorpersonalemergencyrefundrequestsmustbemadeinwritingtoIEEEComSoconorbeforethe
lastdayofthetestingwindowandmustincludeadescriptionofthesituationanddocumentationofthe
emergencyorextenuatingcircumstance.Candidateswhoseexaminationappointmentswerescheduled
forthelasttwo(2)daysofthetestingwindowmaysubmittherefundrequestnolaterthanfive(5)
businessdaysfromthelastdayofthetestingwindow.Requestsreceivedafterthattimeand/orwithout
documentationwillnotbereviewed.
WhatIsaMedicalorPersonalEmergency?
IEEEComSocconsidersamedicalemergencytobeanunplannedmedicaleventthatariseswithin48hours
ofthescheduledexaminationandpreventscandidatesfromtakingtheexamination.Themedical
emergencymayapplytocandidatesthemselvesortooneofthecandidate’simmediatefamilymembers
(spouse,child,orparent).Medicaleventsthatcanbeanticipatedasoccurringonorneartheexamination
dateoranyofthedatesonwhichcandidatescanschedule,reschedule,orwithdrawfromtheexamination
arenotconsideredmedicalemergencies.
Inabilitytotaketheexaminationduetoworkloadorworkconflictsortoaninabilitytoproperlyprepare
fortheexaminationisnotconsideredapersonalemergency.
No‐ShowCandidates
Acandidatewhodoesnotshowupforanexaminationappointmentwithoutatleast24hoursnoticewill
beconsideredano‐show.Likewise,acandidatewhoarriveslateandisnotadmitted,failstopresent
adequateidentification,orrefusestheNondisclosureAgreement,willnotbeallowedtotaketheexam
andwillbeconsideredano‐show.Ano‐showistreatedlikeafailedexam.No‐showswillonlybeallowed
toscheduleanewexamappointmentuponpaymentoftheretestfee.
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)15
2019Candidate’sHandbook
StudyingfortheExamination:HelpfulHints
TheAppendicesinthisHandbookprovideinformationthatmaybehelpfulinpreparingfortheexam.
ComSocoffersbooks,courses,andtutorialsthatmayalsobehelpful,althoughtheyarenotdesigned
to“teachtheexam.”
Anonlinepracticeexamcanbepurchasedasanadditionalmeans
ofpreparing.
Candidatess
houldpreparethoroughlyfortheexamination.Thefollowingaresomeoftheavailable
resourcestoassistinthispreparation.
AppendixBinthisHandbookcontainsashortlistofrelevantreferences.Thislistisprovidedsolelyasan
exampleandthesereferencesshouldnotbeconsideredtheonlypossiblestudyoptions.
AppendixCi
nthisHandbookcontainsafewsamplequestionsthataresimilarinformandcontentto
thosethatappearonthecertificationexamination.
AppendixDi
nthisHandbookcontainsaglossaryofacronymsandAppendixElistsconstants,conversions,
andequationsthatcandidatesshouldbefamiliarwithbeforetakingtheexamination.Thisglossaryandthe
equationswillalsobeavailableforonlinereferenceduringtheexamination.
TheWirelessEngineeringBodyofKnowledge(WEBOK)2
nd
edition,publishedbyIEEEComSoc,isareview
textthatoutlinesthetopicsthatmaybecoveredontheexamination.Itincludesnumerousreferencesin
whichdetailedwirelesscommunicationsknowledgecanbefound.
TheWEBOKcanbeorderedfromJohnWileyPublishers.
www.wiley.com
Call+18777622974(US)
+18005674
797(Canada)
+1441243843294(world)
ISBN:978‐1‐1
18‐34357‐9Paper,316pp,
2015
Price:US$80.95
(Save15%usingPromoCode:18493)
PracticeExam.Beforeapplyingfortheexamination,candidatesshouldconsidertakinganonlinepractice
examconsistingof75questionssimilartothoseontheactualexamination.Thefeeforthepracticeexam
isUS$50.Formoreinformationvisitwww.ieee‐wcet.org/practice.html.
IEEEComSocTraining.Onlinecoursesaddressingsomeofthetopicalareascoveredbytheexamcanbe
purchasedfromIEEEComSocTraining.Visitwww.comsoc.org/trainingformoreinformation.*
IEEEComSoc’sFreeTutorialsNow.Freetutorialsthatmaybeofinterestorhelpfultoyouareavailable
throughIEEEComSoc’sFreeTutorialsNowprogram.Visitwww.comsoc.org/free‐tutorialsformore
information.*
*NoneofthetrainingortutorialsofferedbyIEEEComSocisgearedtoteachanindividualhowtopasstheWCETCertificationexam.These
resourcescanhelpinexampreparationbutcompletingacourseortutorialwillnotguaranteeyourabilitytopasstheexam.
16IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
OnExaminationDay:Reminders
Admittancetothetestingcenterisbyappointmentonly.
Arrive15minutesbeforeyourappointment;latearrivalsmaynotbeaccommodatedandmaybe
considered
ano‐showresultinginaretestingfeetoreschedulethee
xam.
ReviewthelistofacceptableIDsandbringtwounexpiredformstothetestingcenter.Makesureyour
nameontheIDsmatchesthenameonyourapplicatio
n.
Reviewthetestingcenterrulesonfood,drinks,personalitems,andbreaks.
Anelectronicsignatureanddigitalphotoarerequired;apalm‐veinscanmayberequiredatsome
cent
ers.
Allexaminationsaremonitoredandmayberecordedinaudioandvideo.
Totaketheexam,candidatesmustacknowledgethattheyhaveread,understand,andacceptthe
SecurityAcknowledgementandAgreement.
Candidatesmaynotleavethesitewhiletakingtheexam.
AdmissiontotheTestingCenter
Onceacandidatemakesanexaminationappointment,heorshewillreceiveaconfirmationemailfrom
PearsonVUE.Theemailconfirmstheaddressofthetestingcenter.Candidatesshouldarrive15minutes
beforethescheduledappointment.Latearrivalsmaynotbeaccommodated;inthatcase,acandidateis
consideredano‐showandhastopaytheretestingfeetorescheduletheexam.
Candidatesneedtwoformsofidentificationforadmission:aprim
aryIDandasecondaryID.Thename
thatappearsonthetwoformsofidentificationmustmatchthenameunderwhichthecandidateis
registeredtotaketheexam.Donotregisterunderanickname!Ifanamechangeisneeded,candidates
mustcontactIEEEComSocatleast10daysbeforethetestingappointmenttochangethenameonthe
record.
ThefollowingformsofIDareacceptedasprimaryID:
Government‐issueddriver’slicense
State/nationalidentificationcard
Passport†
Military
ID†
Alienre
gistrationcard(greencard,permanentresid
entvisa)
U.S.
Passportcardorequivalentdocumentissuedbyanothercount
ry
U.S.
Dept.ofStateDriver’sLicenseorequivalentissuedbyanothercountry
†TheprimaryIDmustcontainaphotoandsignatureunlessthesignatureisembeddedinthe
identification.Whenthisoccurs,thecandidatemustpresentanotherformofsignatureidentificationfrom
theprimaryorsecondarylis
t.
ThefollowingformsofIDareacceptedassecondaryID:
AnyIDontheprimarylis
t
U.S.
SocialSecuritycardorsimilardocumentissuedbyanothercountry
Credit/bankATMcard(signaturerequire
d)
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)17
2019Candidate’sHandbook
TestingCenterRules
Arriveatthetestingcenteratleast15minutesbeforeyourscheduledreportingtime.
Theexamadministratoratthetestingcenterwillnotallowtesttakerstotakepersonalitems
–
inclu
dingreferencematerialsandelectronics–withthemintotheexamarea.Althoughlocke
rstorage
isnormallyof
fered,itisbestnottobringlargebags,jewelry,electronics,andtheliketothe
testing
center.Consi
derationwillbemadeforcomfortitemssuchaspillowsandtissuesormedicalnecessities
suchascrutches;theexamadministratorisrequiredtoinspectsuchitem
s.
Allcandidate
smustpresentanunexpiredgovernment‐issuedIDbearingtheirphotoandsigna
tureto
bead
mittedtothetestingcenter(seethesectionabove“AdmissiontotheTestingCenter”).YourID
mustmatchthenameyouprovidedonyourapplicationandthenamethatappe
arsonyour
Authorization
toSchedulenotice,andthephotomustvalidateyouridentity.
AspartofPearsonVUE’stest‐securityprogram,apalm‐veinscanisrequiredatsometesti
ngcenters.
Anele
ctronicsignatureanddigitalphotoarerequiredatallcenters.
Admittancetothetestingcenterisbyappointmentonly.Candidatesmustbepresentatthetimeand
locationoftheirappointmenttobeadmitted.
Notestmaterials,documents,ormemorandaofanysortmaybetakenintoorfromthetest
room.
Candidatesw
illreceiveanerasablenoteboardorasmallnotebookconsistingoferasableandreusable
pagesforuseduringtheexam.Theyaretobereturnedtotheexamadministratoratthecom
pletion
of
theexa
m.
Candidatesw
illhavetheopportunityaftertheexaminationtosubmitgeneralcommentsorcomme
nts
aboutspe
cificexaminationquestionsbyfollowingtheapplicableonscreeninstructions.The
IEEE
ComSocExaminationCommittee
willreviewallcommentsbutwill
notprovidewrittenresponsesto
comme
nts.
Smokingispro
hibited.
Candidatesm
aynotaskquestion
saboutexaminationcontent.
Allexa
minationsaremonitoredandmayberecordedinbothaudioandvideoformat.
• Nobreaksarescheduledduringtheexamination.Candidateswhohavetoleavethetesting
roomto
takeabreakwillnotbe
givenextratimeontheexamination.Tore‐enterthetestingroom,candida
tes
musthavetheirpalmrescanned(if
required)andmustsigninandpresenttheiridentification
documents.
• Candidatesmaynotleavethetestingsitefacilitywhiletheexaminationisinprog
ress.
• IEEEComSocandProfessionalTesti
ngreservetherighttocancelanytestscorebelievedtobe
obtainedinaquestionablemanner.
• Food,drinks,purses,briefcases,notebooks,calculators,pagers,cellulartelephones,recordingdevic
es,
andp
hotographyequipmentarenotallowedintothetestingroom
.
• Itise
xpresslyprohibitedtodisclose,publish,reproduce,ortransmitanypartoftheexamination,in
anyform,byanymeans,verbalorwritten,foranypurpose,withouttheexpresswrittenpe
rmissionof
IEE
EComSoc.Violationmayresultincivilorcriminalprosecut
ion.
• Medi
cationsthatmayneedtobeaccessedduringthetestcanbestoredinlockersoutsidethetesti
ng
room.Candidateswhowillneedtousecrutchesorothermedicalequipmentshouldcompletea
specialac
commodationrequestformasdescribedinthe“Special
AccommodationRequests”section
ofthisHandbooksothatthetesting
centercanbeinformedinad
vance.
18IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
• Religiousheadwearmaybewornintothetestingroom;however,itmaybesubjecttoinspectionbya
testing
centeradministratorbeforeentryintothetestingroomis
permitted.
• Candidatesar
eexpectedtobehaveinacivilmannerwhenonthepremisesofthetestingcenter
.
Exhi
bitingabusivebehaviortowardthetestingcenterstafforothertestingcandidatesmayresultin
forfeitureofyourexaminationand/orcriminalprosecution.
• VisitPearsonVUE'swebsitetoviewthecompleteRulesAgreement.
Pleaserememberthatotherexaminationsarebeingadministeredatthesametimethatyouaretaking
theIEEEWCETexaminationsoyoumayheartypingonkeyboardsforanessayexamination,coughing,
and/orpeopleenteringandleavingthetestingroom.Itisimpossibletoprovideacompletelynoise‐free
testingenvironment.Thetestingcenteradministratormayprovidecandidateswithsmallearplugsthat
canbeinsertedinsidetheearifrequested.Candidatesarenotallowedtobringinheadsetsor
headphones.
Biometrics
AspartofPearsonVUE’stest‐securityprogram,apalm‐veinscanisrequiredatsometestingcenters.An
electronicsignatureanddigitalphotoarerequiredatallcenters.
InclementWeather
PearsonVUEpolicyistoremainopenwheneverpossible.However,whenitisimpracticaltoremainopen,
PearsonVUEwillgivecandidatesasmuchnoticeaspossible.Insuchcases,candidatescanreschedule
withoutpenalty.
NameDiscrepancies
Candidateswithminornamediscrepanciesmaybeadmittedattheadministrator’sdiscretionifall
availableIDshavebeencheckedanditisbelievedthecandidateisthesamepersonshownontheIDs.
Acceptablediscrepanciesinclude:
discrepanciesduetotechnicallimitations(e.g.,nameshortened)
;
typographi
calerrors(e.g.,minormisspellings);
or
Traditional/culturalvariati
ons(e.g.,abbreviatedorshortenednames,initials,missingmiddlenames).
CandidateswithhyphenatedlastnameswhosephotoIDsshowonlyoneof
thelastnamesmaybe
admittedifthesinglenamematchespartofthehyphenatednameandthesignatureandphotograph
clearlymatch.
CandidateswhosemiddlenamesarespelledoutontheirIDbutarelistedwithaninitialontheapplication
maybeadmittedaslongastheinitialmatchesthefirstletterofthemiddlenameandthesignatureand
photographmatch.Thisalsoappliestocandidateswhousetheirmiddlenameinsteadoftheirfirstname
ontheirapplicationbuttheirIDdisplaystheirfirst,middle,andlastnames.
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)19
2019Candidate’sHandbook
SecurityAcknowledgementandAgreement
Priortotakingtheexamination,candidateswillbepresentedwithasecurityacknowledgementscreen.
Candidatesmustacknowledgethattheyhaveread,understand,andaccepttheconditionslistedbelow.
1. IhaveanethicaldutytoprotectthesecurityoftheIEEEWCET
®
CertificationExamination.
2. Theexaminationandquestionscontainedthereinaretheexclusi
vepropertyoftheIEEE
Communi
cationsSociety–WCETCertificationExaminationProgram
.
3. Thisexa
minationandthequestionscontainedthereinareprotectedbycopyrightlawandconstitu
te
valuabletrad
esecretinformation,thedisclosureofwhichwillcauseinjurytothe
IEEE
Communi
cationsSociety–WCETCertificationExaminationProgram
.Nopartofthisexaminationmay
becop
iedorreproducedinpartorwholebyanymeanswhatsoever,includingmemorizinga
nd/or
reporting
questionorexaminationcontent.
4. Thedisseminationofquestionorexaminationcontenttoanyperson,organization,company
,orother
entity
inanymannershallconstituteabreachofprofessionalethicsandtheftoftheexam.A
nyperson
foundg
uiltyofsuchviolationmayhavehis/herscorevoided.TheIEEECommunicationsSocietymay
prohibitthecandidatefromfutureaccesstotheWCETCertifica
tionExamination.
5. Thethef
torattemptedtheftofanexaminationorexaminationitemsispunishableasafe
lonyand
mayresult
incivilpenaltiesand/orprofessionalsanction.Irecognizethatthebreachofmyobl
igations
under
thiscandidateacknowledgmentmayexposemetoliabilityfordamagescausedtothe
IEEE
Communi
cationsSocietyandtolegalfeesincurredbytheIEEECommunicationsSocietyinp
reserving
itsrights.
6. Iun
derstandthatduringtheexamination,Imaynotcommunicatewithothercandidates,refertoany
materialsotherthanthoseprovidedtome,orassistorobtainassistancefromanyperson.Failureto
complywiththeserequirementsmayresultintheinvalidationofmyexaminationresultsaswellas
otherappropriateaction.
7. Mypar
ticipationinanyirregularityoccurringpriorto,during,orsubsequenttothisexamination,such
asgivingorobtainingunauthorizedinformationoraid,asevidencedbyobservationorsubsequent
statisticalanalysis,mayresultinterminationofmyparticipation,invalidationofmyexaminatio
n
results,orotherappropriateaction.
Candidatesw
hodonotagreetotheconditionslistedabovewillnotbeallowedtoproceedandtakethe
examination,andwillforfeitboththeapplicationandexaminationfee.
TakingtheTest
Candidatesshouldanswereasyquestionsfirstandmarkthemoredifficultonestoreturntolater.Thereis
nopenaltyforguessing,socandidatesshouldanswerallthequestions,ifpossible.Thereareoptional
surveyquestionsattheendoftheexaminationthatcandidatesareencouragedtoanswer.Responsesare
confidential.Theinformationcollectedisusedforstatisticalpurposesonly.
20IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
AftertheExamination:What’sNext
Ascorereportwillbeavailablethreetofourweeksafterthetestingwindow.
Youwillbenotifiedbyemailwith
yourofficialscorereport.
Ifyoupass,y
ourcertificatewillbemailedtotheaddressprovidedintheapplication.
Ifyouraddresschanges,email
[email protected].
Candidatesw
hofailmayre‐applytotestatar
educedfee.
Receiving
ExaminationResults
Anofficials
corereportwillbeavailableapproximatelythreetofourweeksafterthecloseofthetesting
window.Youwillbenotifiedbyemailwithyourofficialscorereport.Ifyouhavepassed,yourcertificate
willbemailedtothepostaladdressprovidedintheapplication,somakesurethatyouupdateyour
addressifithaschanged.Emailcert@comsoc.orgwithyourfullname,IDnumberandnewpostaladdress.
Undernocircumstanceswillscoresorpass/failinformationbereleasedoverthephoneorbyfax,norwill
theinformationbereleasedtoanyoneexceptthecandidate.
Thescorereportprovidesinformationonwhetherthecandidatepassedorfailedtheexamination.In
ordertopasstheexamination,candidatesmustobtainascalescoreof500orhigheronascalethatranges
from200to800.Inadditiontothescalescore,candidateswillreceiveinformationonthetotalnumberof
questionsineachareaofexpertiseandthenumberofquestionsthecandidateansweredcorrectlyineach
area.Forpassingcandidates,theinformationwillhelpidentifyspecificareastofocusonforcontinuing
educationpurposes.Forfailingcandidates,thisinformationwillidentifyspecificareaswhereimprovement
orfurtherstudymayberequiredifretakingtheexaminationisaconsideration.
Duetotheneedtomaintaintestsecurity,examinationquestionsandanswerswillnotbereleasedto
candidates.
RetakingtheExamination
Candidatesw
hofailtheexaminationmayre‐applyfortheexaminationduringthenextavailabletesting
window.Applicationproceduresforthoseretakingtheexaminationarethesameasthoseforfirst‐time
applicants.Thereisareducedfeeforthosetakingtheexamasasecondattempttopassandforevery
timesubsequentafterthat.
DuplicateorReplacementCertificates
Successfulcandidates
whohavenotreceivedacertificatewithinthreemonthsafterthecloseofthe
testingwindoworwhoreceiveadamagedcertificateshouldemailIEEEComSocat[email protected].A
duplicatecertificate(ifapplicable)willbeissuedatnocost.Aprocessingandshippingfeemaybeassessed
forrequestspostmarkedmorethan90daysafterthetestdate.
Ifyoulegallychangeyourname,loseyourcertificate,orwantanothercertificateforpersonalreasons,you
mayrequestareplacementcertificate.Torequestanadditionalcertificate,email[email protected].
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2019Candidate’sHandbook
Formalnamechangesrequireappropriatelegaldocumentation,suchasanotarizedcopyofamarriage
certificateordivorcedecree.Documentationshouldbesentto[email protected].A$75fee
willberequiredforadditionalcertificates.PaymentmustbemadebyVISA,MasterCard,orAmerican
Express.
Duplicatecertificaterequestsmustinclude:
Candidate’sfullname(asitappearsontheapplication);
Postaladdress;
WCETID
number(foundintheAuthorizationtoSchedulenotice);
Examinationdate;and
Appropriatel
egaldocumentation,ifapplicable.Pleasedonotsendoriginals,astheycan
notbe
returned.
22IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
Recertification:RenewYourCredential
Recertificationisrequiredafterthreeyearsforthosewhocertifiedorrenewedtheircertificationin
2015andlater,andafter
fiveyearsforthosewhocertifiedbe
fore2015
‐Bypassing
thethencurrentexam,or
‐Byearningaminimumof60or100ProfessionalDevelopmentUnits,asappropriateforthelength
of
thecurrentcertification.
Effectivei
mmediately,allnewcertificatesissuedwillnowbevalidforathree‐yearperiod.
Successfulapplicantswillreceiveacertificatewiththeirnewcertificationdate.
Recertificationisrequiredafterthr
eeyearsforthosewhocertifiedorrenewedtheircertificationin2015
andlater,andafterfiveyearsforthosewhocertifiedbefore2015,asdeterminedbytheyearthecurrent
certificationwasissued(shownontheindividual’scurrentcertificate).Forexample,credentialholders
whoearntheircertificationin2017willneedtorecertifyby2020.Credentialholderswhoearnedtheir
certificationin2014willneedtorecertifyin2019.YouwillhaveuntiltheSpringorFall,dependingonthe
dateofyourcertification,ofthethirdorfifthyearafteryouearnedyourcredentialtorenewyour
certification.Allrecertification’sarevalidforthreeyears.Ifyouhaveanyquestionsaboutwhenyour
certificationisdueforrenewal,pleasesendanemailtocert@comsoc.org.
Therearetwowaysofearningrecert
ification:bypassingthethen‐currentWCETcertificationexamorby
submittingtheapplicationshowingtheearnedProfessionalDevelopmentUnits(PDUs)through
contributionstotheprofessionand/orpersonalprofessionaldevelopment.
Therecertificationfeeforthethree‐yearperiodis$
180forIEEE/ComSocmembersand$210fornon‐
members.ThesamefeeapplieswhetheryoutakethecertificationexamorsubmitanaccountingofPDUs
earnedsinceyourcertification.
ToRecertifybyPassingtheCurrentWCETCertificationExam
Submityourrecertificationfeeathttp://www.ieee‐wcet.org/recertification.Youwillthenbesent
instructionstocompleteanapplicationandscheduleyourexam.Theexamisupdatedregularly,andthe
currentexamwilltestacandidate’sknowledgeofdevelopmentsinthefieldsincetheirprevious
certification.
ToRecertifybySubmittingtheApplicationShowi
ngtheEarnedPDUs
ProfessionalDevelopmentUnits(PDUs)quantifyacandidate’sprofessionalandeducationalorlearning
activities.PDUscanbeearnedthroughparticipationinactivitiesrelatedtocontributionstotheprofession
and/orprofessionaldevelopmentinthearea(s)coveredbyWCET.Dependingonthedateofyour
certification,theSpringdeadlinetosubmitPDUsforyourrecertificationis30AprilandtheFalldeadlineis
31October.Youmayapplyuptosixmonthsbeforeyourdeadline.
Aminimumof60PDUsdistributedover
athree‐yearrecertificationcycle,oraminimumof100PDUs
distributedoverafive‐yearrecertificationcycle,mustbeearnedduringinordertomaintaincertification.
Toensurethatthecandidatehasabroadknowledgeofthefield,theseactivitiesmustberelatedtoat
leastthreeofthesevenareastestedontheWCETexamination.SeeAppendixAforadetaileddescription
ofthesesevenareas.
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)23
2019Candidate’sHandbook
ThefollowingtablesoutlineavarietyofwaysinwhichPDUscanbeearnedandthemaximumnumberof
PDUsthatcanbeearnedthrougheachactivity.Candidatescandownloadanapplicationfromwww.ieee‐
wcet.org/recertificationintowhichtheycanentertheirinformationtoapplyforrecertification.The
completedapplicationshouldbesubmittedtotheWCETrecertificationcommitteebysendingitbyemail
to[email protected].
Allsubmissionsaresubjecttoselectionforanaudit.Ifanapplicationisselectedforaudit,evidence
validatingtheclaimedPDUswillberequired.Suchevidencemayincludeattestationbyacandidate’s
managerregardingworkperformed,proofofattendanceatatrainingcourseorconference,orsimilar
verification.AlistingoftypicaldocumentsthatmayberequestedcanbeaccessedattheRecertification
pageattheWCETwebsite.
Allnewcertificationswillbeforathree‐yearperiod,inkeepingwiththeacceleratingpaceofchangein
theindustryandinalignmentwithnumerousotherprofessionalcertifications.Candidateswhoearned
certification/recertificationin2015orlaterwillrecertifyafterathree‐yearperiodandshouldrefertothe
tableforathree‐yearcycletofindouthowtherequired60PDUscanbeearned.Candidateswhoearned
certification/recertificationpriorto2015willrecertifyafterafive‐yearperiodandshouldrefertothetable
forafive‐yearcycletofindouthowtosubmitPDUsthatprovideevidencethattheymaintainedtheir
professionalactivitiesthroughoutthefiveyearcertificationperiod.
TableofPDUsforRecertificationaftera3‐YearCertification:60PDUsTotal
“ContributionstotheProfession”includesuchactivitiesasthefollowing:
Activity Description MaximumPDUsAllowed
Professional
Activities
Workinginwirelesscommunications
Submittalorreceiptofapatent
Atleast50%ofyourtimespentdoin
gprofessional
levelwork
30P
DUs
(Upto10PDUs/yearperthree‐
yearcycleforprofessional‐level
work.
Upto5PDUsforapatent
application/10PDUsforapatent
awardedwithamaximumof
10PDUsforpatents).
Professional/
IndustryVolunteer
Services
ComSocofficer
ComSoccommitteemembersh
ip
Relevantin
dustrystandards,conference,or
similarcommitteemembership
20P
DUs
(1PDUperhourofvolunteer
serviceuptoamaximumof10
PDUs/year)
WCETProgram
Support
Writingorreviewingexamquestions
DevelopingaWCET‐related
tutorial
Contribu
tingtotheWEBOK
15PDUs
(1PDU/hourofeffort)
Course
Development/
Instruction
Developingand/orteachingacourseinwireless
communications;
CoursedevelopmentearnstwiceasmanyPDUsas
teaching.
20PDUs
(1PDUperhourofteaching;2
PDUsperhourofcourse
development)
Publications
Publishingrelevanttechnicalpapers,articles,books,
bookchapters,etc.
15PDUs
(1PDUperhourofeffort)
24IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
“Pro
fessionalDevelopment”includesactivitiessuchasthefollowing:
Activity Description MaximumPDUsAllowed
FormalTraining
Programs
Attendingrelevantliveoron‐linecoursesofferedby
ComSocorbyeducationalinstitutions,commercial
trainingproviders,andindustryorganizationsor
similar.
15PDUs
(1PDUperhourofstudy)
Self‐Directed
Learning
Theuseofassessment‐basedself‐directededucation,
suchasonlinetutorials,CDs,DVDs,printedmaterials,
orinstructionalmanuals
10PDUs
(1PDUperhourofstudy)
OtherCertifications
Acquiringormaintainingarelevantprofessional
licenseorcertification.Forexample,aProfessional
Engineer(PE)license(providedtheholderispracticing
inthefieldofwirelesscommunications),variousstate
orregulatorybodycertifications,orotherrelevant
credentialsearnedthroughrecognized
industry/professionalorganizations.
15PDUs
(1PDUperhourofeffort
providedthehoursarenot
claimedelsewhere[e.g.,as
training])
IndustryConferences
andEvents
Attendingrelevanttechnicalsessions,workshops,
and/ortrainingactivitiesofferedatconferencesand
otherindustryevents.
15PDUs
(1PDUperhourofattendance)
Professional/
IndustrialCommunity
Attainingahigherlevelofmembership,suchasSenior
MemberorFellow,inarelevant
professional/industrialcommunity.
15PDUs
(PDUsdependonthepriorand
newmemberlevels)
TableofPDUsforRecertificationaftera5‐YearCertification:100PDUsTotal
“ContributionstotheProfession”includesuchactivitiesasthefollowing:
Activity Description MaximumPDUsAllowed
Professional
Activities
Workinginwirelesscommunications
Submittalorreceiptofapatent
Atleast50%ofyourtimespentdoin
gprofessional
levelwork
50P
DUs
(Upto20PDUsforapatent;6
PDUs/year,toamaximumof30
perfive‐yearcyclefor
professional‐levelwork)
Professional/
IndustryVolunteer
Services
ComSocofficer
ComSoccommitteemembersh
ip
Relevantin
dustrystandards,conference,or
similarcommitteemembership
30P
DUs
(1PDUperhourofvolunteer
serviceuptoamaximumof10
PDUs/year)
WCETProgram
Support
Writingorreviewingexamquestions
DevelopingaWCET‐related
tutorial
Contribu
tingtotheWEBOK
25PDUs
(1PDU/hourofeffort)
Course
Development/
Instruction
Developingand/orteachingacourseinwireless
communications;
CoursedevelopmentearnstwiceasmanyPDUsas
teaching.
30PDUs
(1PDUperhourofteaching;2
PDUsperhourofcourse
development)
Publications
Publishingrelevanttechnicalpapers,articles,books,
bookchapters,etc.
25PDUs
(1PDUperhourofeffort)
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)25
2019Candidate’sHandbook
“Pro
fessionalDevelopment”includesactivitiessuchasthefollowing:
Activity Description MaximumPDUsAllowed
FormalTraining
Programs
Attendingrelevantliveoron‐linecoursesofferedby
ComSocorbyeducationalinstitutions,commercial
trainingproviders,andindustryorganizationsor
similar.
25PDUs
(1PDUperhourofstudy)
Self‐Directed
Learning
Theuseofassessment‐basedself‐directededucation.
15PDUs
(1PDUperhourofstudy)
OtherCertifications
Acquiringormaintainingarelevantprofessional
licenseorcertification.Forexample,aProfessional
Engineer(PE)license(providedtheholderispracticing
inthefieldofwirelesscommunications),variousstate
orregulatorybodycertifications,orotherrelevant
credentialsearnedthroughrecognized
industry/professionalorganizations.
25PDUs
(1PDUperhourofeffort
providedthehoursarenot
claimedelsewhere[e.g.,as
training])
IndustryConferences
andEvents
Attendingrelevanttechnicalsessions,workshops,
and/ortrainingactivitiesofferedatconferencesand
otherindustryevents.
20PDUs
(1PDUperhourofattendance)
Professional/
IndustrialCommunity
Attainingahigherlevelofmembership,suchasSenior
MemberorFellow,inarelevantprofessional/industrial
community.
25PDUs
(PDUsdependonthepriorand
newmemberlevels)
Arelevantco
urse,license,session,orcommunityisonewhoseprincipalfocusisononeormoreaspectsof
wirelesscommunication.Ideally,theactivitywillberelatedtoatopicintheexaminationspecificationsin
AppendixA.
26IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
AppendixA:WCETExaminationSpecifications
MajorAreasofExpertise
A
rea1(11‐15%)‐RFEngineering,Propagation,Antennas,andSignalProcessing:Tasksandknowledge
relatedto:antennas,RFengineering,transmission,reception,propagation,channelmodeling,andsignal
processing.
Evaluatesystem performance andreliability;calculate pathloss;evaluatetheeffectsofdifferentfading
andempiricalpathlossmodels;calculateandevaluatetheeffectsonthereceivedsignalofpath‐related
impairments; determine parameters related to antennas or antenna arrays; generate and evaluate
coverageandinterferencepredictionmaps;developandanalyzeproceduretooptimizethecoverageofa
radio;makeRFsystemmeasurements.
Area 2 (19‐23%) ‐ Wireless Access Technologies:Tasksandknowledgerelatedtowirelessaccess
networks,especiallythephysical,MAC,andlinklayers.
Analyze building blocks, multiple access, mobility management, and spectrum implications in wireless
accesssystemdesign;analyzedesignconsiderationstooptimizecapacity/coverage;designandanalyzea
wireless access system; analyze the required bandwidth for a wireless system and tradeoffs; analyze
wirelessaccesstechnologystandards,theirfeatures,andevolution.
Area 3 (19‐23%) ‐ Network and Service Architecture: Tasks and knowledge related to network
infrastructure, including core networks; service frameworks such as IMS; and application architectures
suchasvoice,videostreaming,andmessaging.All‐IPservicesarchitectureasin3GPPRel6andbeyond,
includingEnhancedPacketServices(EPS)asin3GPPRel8LTE(LongTermEvolution)andEPC(Enhanced
PacketCore).
Analyzeserviceplatforms,IPaddressingschemesforvarioustechnologies; design and test quality of
service(QoS);selectandtestaload‐balancingscheme; analyze IProutingandadhocroutingandmesh
protocols;performcapacityplanning, errortracking,and traceanalysis;analyzetheevolutionofmobile
networkstoenableIPmultimedia.
Area 4 (19‐23%) ‐ Network Management and Security:Tasksandknowledgerelatedtofault,
configuration, account,performance,maintenance, security management, management availability,and
operationsupportsystems(examplesincludenetworkserviceassuranceandprovisioning).
Design a fault monitoring system and a performance monitoring system; develop/specify types and
methodsof alarmreporting; compute availabilityand reliabilitymetrics;assess the potential impactsof
knownsecurityattacks;plancorrespondingsolutionstoknownsecurityattacks.
Area5(8‐12%)‐FacilitiesInfrastructure,StandardsandRegulations:Tasksandknowledgerelatedtothe
specification, design, implementation, and operation of facilities and sites, and externally imposed
compliancerequirementsandconformancetesting,includinginteroperability.
Determine power consumption; analyze electrical protection requirements and design the electrical
protection layout for a wireless telecommunications facility; determine the required antennas for the
facilityandtheir positions; developa specificationfortherequired structure forawireless base station
facility; determine the required cable, antennas, and materials to implement an in‐building wireless
network;evaluateequipmentcompliancewithindustrystandards,codes,andsiterequirements.
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Assessserviceandequipmentquality;preparespecificationsforpurchasingservicesandequipmentand
evaluate the responses; verify compliance with regulatory requirements; select and analyze frequency
assignments; perform standardized homologation tests as required by regulatory or standardization
bodies; evaluate compliance with health, safety, and environmental requirements; perform
conformance/interoperability analyses of systems and components; analyze the use of licensed vs.
unlicensedspectrum;obtainlicensesandpermits.
Area6(11‐16%)–EmergingNewParadigmsandServices: Tasks and knowledge related to ongoing
developments in protocols and architectures for emerging new standards in wireless (5G, 802.11) and
servicerequirementsandapplicationscenarios.
Analyzenewnetworkandserviceprovisioningarchitectures(e.g.5G);emergingstandardsinW‐WANand
W‐LAN (especially recent developments of IEEE 802.11); network virtualization and slicing; Internet of
Things (IoT); Machine Type Communications (MTC); evolution of the Evolved Packet Core; analyze the
evolutionofwirelesssystemstosupportemergingapplications.
Area7(8‐12%)‐FundamentalKnowledge: Basic knowledge that a wireless communications engineer
woulduseinordertoperformtasksacrossalldomains.
Applybasicconceptsrelatedtoelectricalengineering,communicationssystems,andgeneralengineering
management.
Area1—RFEngineering,Propagation,Antennas,andSignalProcessing
Tasks:
T1.01 Calculatelinkbudgetstoevaluatesystemperformanceandreliabilitybasedonreceivedsignal
levelandfademargin(examplesmightincludesatellite,microwavelink,basestationtomobilestation,
wirelessLANandPAN);calculatepathlossforvariousRFtransmissionsystems(examplesmightinclude
betweenisotropicordipolereferenceantennas,basestationtomobilestation,basestationtorepeater,
earthstationtosatellite,LOS/NLOSpaths,andclutterlosses).
T1.02 Calculatethecapacityofvariousmultiple‐antennaschemes,andanalyzethetradeoffsinvolvedin
selectingfromamongalternativeschemes(calculationsmightincludeanalysisofpre‐codingtechniques).
T1.03 Evaluatetheeffectsofdifferentfadingmodels(examplesmightincludeRayleighandlognormal)
andempiricalpathlossmodelsonthereceivedsignalstrengthinvarioussignalpropagationenvironments
(examplesmightincludeflatterrain,rollinghills,urbanizedareas,andindoorenvironments[suchas
buildingsortunnels]withlossescausedbywalls,ceilings,andotherobstructions).
T1.04 Calculateandevaluatetheeffectsonthereceivedsignalofpath‐relatedimpairments,suchas
FresnelZoneblockage,delayspread,andDopplershiftofasignalreceivedbyamovingreceiver.
T1.05 Calculatethepolarizationmismatchlossforvariousantennasystems(examplesmightinclude
fixedmicrowavesystems,cellularandmobileradiosystems,andsatellitesystems).
T1.06 Evaluatereceivediversitygainforselection,equalgain,andmaximalratiodiversitysystem
configurations.
T1.07 Determineparametersrelatedtoantennasorantennaarrays(examplesmightincludepattern,
beamwidth,gain,SAR‐reductionfeatures,distancefromanantennaorarrayatwhichfarfieldconditions
apply,spacing,beamforming,tilt,andsectorization)andanalyzetheeffectsoftheseparameterson
coverage.
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T1.08Determineappropriateantennalocationatbasestationsitestopreventinter‐systemandintra‐
systeminterferenceeffects,takingintoaccountrequiredradiationpatternsandmutualcouplingeffects.
T1.09Generateandevaluatecoverageandinterferencepredictionmaps(examplesmightincludemaps
forcellular,mobileradio,andWLANsystems).
T1.10Developandanalyzeaproceduretooptimizethecoverageofaradiosystemusingpropagation
modelingand“drivetest”measurements.
T1.11DevelopablockdiagramofanRFsystem(examplesmightincludecellular,landmobile,andWLAN)
employingstandardmodules(examplesmightincludefilters,couplers,circulators,andmixers)and/or
usinglumpedordistributedmatchingnetworks,microstrips,andstripline.
T1.12MakeandanalyzeRFsystemmeasurements(examplesmightincludesweptreturnlossto
determineantennasystemperformance,transmitteroutputpower[peakoraverage,asappropriate],
signal‐to‐noiseratioatareceiverfrontend,andco‐channelandadjacent‐channelinterferenceforspecific
typesofsignalspectra).
Knowledgeof:
K1.01differenttypesoflosses(examplesmightincludetransmissionlineloss,antennagain,connector
losses,andpathloss)
K1.02procedurestocalculateantennagainandfreespacepathloss
K1.03statisticalfadingmodelsanddistance‐power(pathloss)relationshipsindifferentpropagation
environments
K1.04theeffectsofoutdoorterrainandindoorstructuressuchaswalls,floors,andceilingsonsignal
propagation
K1.05commondeterministic,statistical,andempiricalpropagationmodels(examplesmightincludefree
space,Okumura,Longley‐Rice,andray‐tracing)andsoftwaremodelingtools(examplesmightincludeEDX
Signal,ATDI,PathLoss,andsimilarradionetworkplanningtools)usedtoimplementthem
K1.06topographicalmapsanddigitalterraindatabases
K1.07indoorandoutdoorcoveragecalculationandverificationtechniques
K1.08Es/N0,Eb/N0,RSSI,NF,andothersystemparameters
K1.09therelationshipbetweenreceivernoisefigure,noisetemperature,andreceiversensitivityandthe
relationshipbetweensensitivityunderstaticconditionsandthedegradationofeffectivereceiver
sensitivitycausedbysignalfadingindifferentpropagationconditions
K1.10externalnoisesourcesandtheirimpactontheS/Nratiosofreceivedsignals,andtechniquesfor
measuringtheimpactofexternalnoise
K1.11basicantennasystemdesignanduseincludingantennatypes(examplesmightinclude
omnidirectional,panel,parabolic,dipolearray,indoorantennas),antennapatterns,gainandEIRP,EIS,
ERP,TIS,TRP,antennasize,antennapolarization,receiveandtransmitdiversity,antennacorrelation
coefficients(examplesmightincludeMIMOantennasystems),andproperantennainstallationtoprovide
forcoverage,interferencemitigation,andfrequencyreuse
K1.12adaptiveantennamethodsandtechniques,includingnull‐steering,selectiondiversity,optimal‐ratio
combining,adaptiveantennas,spatialmultiplexing,space‐time
coding,andMIMOtechniques
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K1.13subscriberunit,mobile,anddeviceantennasandtheirperformancecharacteristics,includingSAR‐
reductioncharacteristics
K1.14useoftestequipmentsuchasnetworkanalyzers,spectrumanalyzers,andTDRs
K1.15co‐channelandadjacentchannelinterferenceanalysisandmeasurementmethodsandtechniques;
multi‐userdetectionandinterference‐cancellationschemesandtheirlimitations
K1.16filters,powerdividers,combiners,anddirectionalcouplers
K1.17signalprocessingtechniques,includingmatchedfiltering,adaptivefiltering,adaptiveequalization,
andRakeprocessing
Area2—WirelessAccessTechnologies
Tasks:
T2.01Analyzemultipleaccessschemesforvarioustechnologies.
T2.02Analyzespectrumimplicationsinwirelessaccesssystemdesign(examplesmightinclude
applications,TDD/FDD,inter‐modulation,LOS/NLOS,coverage/capacity).
T2.03Analyzedesignconsiderationsandperformsystemdesigntoeliminatecoverageholesandto
optimizecapacity/coverageinurban/indoorareas.
T2.04Designandanalyzeawirelessaccesssystem(examplesmightincludeAPplacementandchannel
selection)accordingtogivenbandwidthrequirements,coverage,andotherconsiderations.
T2.05Testdeviceswithrespecttointerferenceissuesinvariousoperatingenvironments(examplesmight
includeTDMA,CDMA,WCDMA,WLAN,802.15).
T2.06Performinterferenceanalysis(examples:co‐siteinterferenceinTDMA,CDMA,WCDMA,WLAN,
802.15,andGSM;effectofinterferenceoncapacityincellular,WLAN,WAN,adhocandsensornetworks).
T2.07Computetherequiredbandwidthforawirelesssystemgivencertainnetworkconditions(examples
mightincludeBER,flowcount,andprotocolsinuse).
T2.08Analyzethetradeoffs(examplesmightincludebandwidthversusBER)ofvariouserrordetectionand
correctiontechniques.
T2.09Analyzethetradeoffsandcapacityimplicationsofmitigationtechniquesfortime‐varyingchannels,
includingchannelestimation;time‐andfrequency‐recoveryandtracking;modulation/demodulation;pre‐
coding;andpowercontrolschemes(examples:schedulingalgorithms,bandwidthversuspowerefficiency
analysis).
T2.10Calculatefrequencyre‐usefactor.
T2.11Designfundamentalelements/attributesofwirelessnetworksystems(examplesmightinclude
cellular,802.16,WLAN,andsatellite).
T2.12Analyzethestepsinvolvedintheprocessofhandover/handoffforvariouswirelesssystems
(examplesmightincludeUMTS,CDMA2000,802.16,andWLAN).
T2.13Analyzethetradeoffbetweenthesizeofapagingareaandthelocationupdatefrequency.
Knowledgeof:
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K2.01multipleaccessandmultiplexingschemes(examplesmightincludeTDMA,CDMA,OFDMA,FDMA,
andSDMA)
K2.02technologystandardsandtheirevolution(examplesmightincludeWCDMA,CDMA2000,LTE,
802.11,802.15,and802.16)
K2.03errordetectionandcorrection,ARQ,HARQ,TurboCoding,link‐adaptation,modulation/
demodulation,andpre‐codingtechniques
K2.04objectivesofchannel‐estimationandpower‐controlschemesandtheiroperation
K2.05handover/handoff/mobilitymanagement,includinginter‐technologyhandover/handoff
K2.06pagingfunctions
K2.07themajorcomponentsofawirelessnetworktopology
K2.08LEOS,MEOSandgeostationarysatellites,theirbands,andtheirusageforbroadcasting
Area3—NetworkandServiceArchitecture
Tasks:
T3.01Analyzeserviceplatformsincludingserviceenablers(examplesmightincludemessaging,
positioning,andlocation),servicecreation/delivery(examplesmightincludeOpenServiceAccessand
Parlay),andservice‐orientedarchitecture(SOA).DesignandengineervariousVAS(CRBT,SMS,VMS,
Alerts,etc.)servicesonwirelessnetworkCORE.Designoptimumnetworkservicesfordatatraffic.
T3.02AnalyzeIPaddressingschemesforvarioustechnologies(examplesmightincludeMobileIP,RObust
HeaderCompression[ROHC]asinVoIPoverHSPAorLTE,IPv4,andIPv6).
T3.03Designandtestqualityofservice(QoS)(examplesmightincludedesignandplanforadequate
resources,selectingpriorityschemes,prioritizationofdifferentiatedservices,queuingstrategies,mapping
ofQoSclassesbetweennetworkandtransportlayersandcalladmissioncontrol)forVoIPandIMS‐based
services.CalculateCapacityandGradeofService(GOS)foracellularnetworke.g.,GSM/WCDMA/LTE
networks.ProvisionQoSfordifferentapplicationsper3GPPstandards,e.g.throughQCI,ARP,etc.for
LTE/EPCnetworks.
T3.04Selectandtestaload‐balancingscheme.
T3.05AnalyzeIProuting(examplesmightincludeinterpretinganIProutingtable).
T3.06Analyzeadhocroutingandmeshprotocols,andsuitabilityforvariousdeploymentscenarios.
T3.07Performcapacityplanningusingtrafficengineeringprinciples.
T3.08Performerrortrackingandtraceanalysisonprotocolcontrolmessagesforspecificsystems.
T3.09AnalyzetheevolutionofmobilenetworkstoenableIPmultimediaservices(includingcircuit‐
switchedtopacket‐switchednetworkevolution).
T3.10Analyzeintra‐andinter‐domainroaming(examplesmightincluderoamingwithinacountryorin
differentcountriesin3GPPnetworks).Analyzeservicecontinuityacrossdomains(e.g.,VoIPinLTEand
circuit‐switchedvoiceinGSM/W‐CDMAnetworks).
T3.11AnalyzethefunctioningofTCP/IPmajortransportprotocols(examplesmightincludeTCP,UDP,and
RTP)inthecontextofwirelesscommunicationsandlimitationsofPING/Ack.
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T3.12Developasimpleblockdiagram‐leveldesignforanetworkoperationscenter(examplesmight
includedigitalcellular,web‐basedmobilecontent,multimediabroadcast,andSMS).
Knowledgeof:
K3.01IMS(IPmultimediasubsystems)anditsarchitecture,includingsessioncontrolandswitchingplane;
knowledgeofdifferentVASinwirelessdomain
K3.02VoIP/IP‐multimediaprotocols
K3.03wirelessserviceenablersevolution,includingcallprocessingarchitecture/framework,feature
development/enhancement,aswellasapplicationssuchaspresence,location,etc.policyrules,decisions,
chargingandenforcement
K3.04locationandpositioningtechniques
K3.05loadbalancingprinciplesinthecontextofwirelesscommunications,andmethodstoavoidsingle
pointoffailurethroughactive/activeoractivestandby,andconceptofselforganizingnetworks(SON)
K3.06IProutingandmobileIPnetworkingandaddressingschemesincludingWLANsystems.IPevolution
inwirelessaccess‐backhaulandpacketcoreconnectivity
K3.07errortrackingandtraceanalysistechniquesfordroppedcells,accessfailuresandothernetwork
relatedproblemreports
K3.08circuitswitchedandpacketswitcheddataandpacketcellularnetworksandthedifferencesbetween
them;knowledgeofvariousdatacapabletechnologies‐1xRTT,EVDO,GPRS/EDGE,LTE
K3.09roamingandroamingcontrols
K3.10TCP/IPincludingtransportprotocolsincludingWLANsystems
K3.11AccessPointNameanditsfunctionality
K3.12heterogeneousarchitectureforsingle‐hopandmulti‐hopwirelessnetworks
Area4—NetworkManagementandSecurity
Tasks:
T4.01Designafaultmonitoringsystem(examplesmightincludeusingSNMPTRAP/NOTIFICATION,and
using2GOAM&PstandardsatNetworkElementLayer[NEL],EquipmentManagementLayer[EML],and
NetworkManagementLayer[NML]).
T4.02Designaperformancemonitoringsystem(examplesmightincludeusingSNMPGET/SETand
performancemeasurementonradiolayer,BTSandRNC,usageandtrafficanalysisandaccounting,
monitoringSAACHframeerrorratein3GPPnetworks).
T4.03Develop/specifytypesandmethodsofalarmreportingforaninstallation,andotherOAM&P.
T4.04Computeavailabilityandreliabilitymetricsfromboththe“networkperformance”and“system
designer”perspectives(relatedtoequipmentfailure).
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T4.05Assessthepotentialimpactsofknownsecurityattacksonwirelesssystems(examplesmightinclude
virus,worm,DoS,networksniffing,floodingandimpersonation;additionalexamplesmightinclude
SIM/USIMcardcloning,attemptingbanktransactionusingprepaidcellularhandsets,integrityofSMS,
multisubscriptionofUSIMcardetc).
T4.06Plancorrespondingsolutionstoknownsecurityattacks(examplesmightincludestolenSIMcard,
stolenPIN,useofdifferenthandsetsusingthesameSIMcardetc).
T4.07Monitor,log,andauditsecurity‐relateddata(includingtaskssuchasstreamingsystemlogstothird
partyboxforanalysisandreporting).
T4.08Analyzesecurityvulnerabilitiesandprepare/recommendcorrectiveactions;developcomprehensive
testplanfornetworksecuritytesting.
T4.09Designandplanamigrationtoanewnetworkmanagementscheme(includingimpactsonOSS,BSS,
andbilling);designproperaccesslevels(usermanagement)anditsimplementation.
T4.10Analyzewirelessaccountingandbillingschemesincludinginter‐operatoraccounting.
T4.11DesignandestablishVPNcommunicationsfromclienttohost.
T4.12Designasecuresystemusingstate‐of‐the‐artsolutions
Knowledgeof:
K4.01qualityofservice(QoS)monitoringandcontrol
K4.02faultmanagement
K4.03configurationmanagementincludinglicensingmechanisms,featureaddition/integration,system
initializationandinstallation,policy‐basedmanagement,role‐baseaccesscontrol,levelofsecurityoffered
OTAbystandardcellularandwirelesssystems,andarchitecturesforservicemanagement
K4.04authentication,authorization,andaccounting(AAA)principlesandmechanismsandAPNsecurity;
CAVE,A3/A8andotherauthenticationalgorithms‐separatingmobilefromsubscriptiondata;cellular
authenticationschemesbasedonHLR,VLR,SIMcard
K4.05typesofsecurityattacksonwirelessnetworks(examplesmightincludeuseofstolenSIMcard,
fraudulenttechniquestousehandsetsinnon‐designatedareas)
K4.06protocolstosecurewirelessnetworks(examplesmightincludeApplicationSecurity,Websecurity
andSecureSocketLayer,VPN,RADIUS,DIAMETER,HLR/VLRandencryptionmethodsbasedoncellular
algorithms),andSelfOrganizing/Optimizingnetworksfornextgenerationnetworks
K4.07security‐violationeventsloggingandmonitoring,attemptstowardsbillingfraud,SIMcard
manipulationanddetection,etc.anddifferentsecuritytestingtools
K4.08securityissuemanagementandresolution(examplesmightincludemanagementofA‐key,OTAP
andHLR/VLRupdates,monitoringhandoffandreauthenticationduringcall)
K4.09networkmanagementprotocols(examplesmightincludesimplenetworkmanagementprotocol
[SNMP],networkscanningforBTSidentification,interfacemeasurements,dataqualitymeasurements,
videoqualitymeasurements,verificationoftestmobilephones,acquisitionofcalibrationdatafor
planningtools)
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K4.10performancemetricspertinenttovariousaccessnetworks(examplesmightincludeCarrierto
Interface(C/I)matrix;recommendedchangestoneighborlisttoensureappropriatecellhandoversand
others)
K4.11IPsecurity,EncapsulationSecurityPayload(ESP),InternetKeyExchange,anddigitalsignature;root
authenticationkeysinremovableUIM,DataSubscriberAuthentication‐DSAovertheairinterface
K4.12MIB,RMON,andInternetControlMessagingProtocol(ICMP)
K4.13intrusiondetectionsystems,DDoSattacks,andtracebacktechniques;GSMsecurityIMSI/TMSI,
RAND,SRES‐HLRandAuCcheckingmethods,networkcontrolledpolicies,on‐lineandoff‐linechargingfor
pre‐paidsubscribers
K4.14operationalprocessmodels(examplesmightincludeITILandeTOM);writingA‐keyintomobile−
manualandover‐the‐airprocedures
K4.15hotbillingduringcall,hotbillingaftercall,andsimilarcases
K4.16OTAP(Overtheairprovisioningmethods),USIM(UniversalSIM)cardarchitecture,Kasumisecurity
algorithm
K4.17mobilemoneytransactionmethods,near‐fieldcommunicationsandsecurity
K4.18knowledgeofstate‐of‐the‐artnetworksecuritysolutions
Area5—FacilitiesInfrastructure,StandardsandRegulations
Tasks:
T5.01Determinethepowerconsumptionofaunitofcommunicationsequipment(examplesmightinclude
toweramplifiermodules,pressurizationsystemsforwaveguides).
T5.02Determinethepowerconsumptionforafacilitycontainingcommunicationsequipment(examples
mightincludebasestationamplifierracks,microwavesystemracketc.).
T5.03DesignaDCpowerplanttosupportthefacilityforagivenrequiredreservetime.
T5.04Analyzetheelectricalprotectionrequirements(includesgrounding/earthing,bonding,shielding,and
lightningprotection)anddesigntheelectricalprotectionlayoutforawirelesstelecommunicationsfacility.
T5.05Designawirelesscommunicationfacilitylayoutplanwithconsiderationsforheating,air
conditioning,ventilation,andstructuralissues.
T5.06Determinetherequiredantennasforthefacility,includingspecificationoftheantennasystemfrom
RANtoAntenna.Identifyandsizecommontypesofantenna,amplifiers,andcableforagivenscenario.
T5.07Determinetherequiredantennapositionsonastructure(examplesmightincludetowerslocatedin
remote/extremeconditionssuchasmountaintops,arcticareas,etc.).
T5.08Designthewaveguide/transmissionlinelayoutbetweenthecommunicationselectronicsandthe
antenna(s).
T5.09Coordinatewithotheruserswhenimplementingacommunicationssysteminasharedlocation.
T5.10Developaspecificationfortherequiredstructureforawirelessbasestationfacilitybasedonthe
requiredantennasizesandelevationsaboveground.
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T5.11Determinetherequiredcable,antennas,distributedantennasystems,andmaterialstoimplement
anin‐buildingwirelessnetwork.
T5.12Determinetherequirednumberofracksonwhichtomounttheequipmentandtheracklayoutand
placement,takingintoaccountthemaintainabilityoftheequipment.
T5.13Evaluateequipmentcompliancewithindustrystandards,codes,andsiterequirementssuchas
NEBS/ETSIspecificationsaswellasANSI,IEC,local/cityregulations,rightofway,andotherapplicable
standards.
T5.14Designasite‐specificalarmandsurveillancesystem.
T5.15Preparespecificationsforpurchasingservicesandequipment,andevaluatetheresponses,including
relevantcountry‐specificstandards(examplesmightincludepreparingrequestforproposalsfor
introducingnewservices/licensesandevaluatingsubmittedproposalsforimplementationofuniversal
servicesprojects).
T5.16Verifycompliancewithregulatoryrequirements(examplesmightincludelicensing,standards,rules,
andregulations).
T5.17Selectandanalyzefrequencyassignments.
T5.18Evaluatecompliancewithhealth,safety,andenvironmentalrequirements.
T5.19Performconformance/interoperabilityanalysesofsystemsandcomponents,includingself
organizingandselfoptimizingnetworksforNGN.
T5.20Analyzetheuseoflicensedvs.unlicensedspectrum.
T5.21Obtainanddraftlicensesandpermitswhererequired,includingsoftware,hardware,product
licenses(opensource,GNU,IP,patentlaws).
T5.22Performmarketanalysis,studyofmarketindicators,andpricingoftelecomservices.
Knowledgeof:
K5.01procedurestodeterminethepowerconsumptionofwirelesscommunicationsequipment(examples
mightincludesatelliteearthstationfacility,ship/smallislandbasedfacility,etc.)
K5.02howtodeterminethepowerrequiredtosupportasite(examplesmightincludesolarandwind
basedsupportfortowersites,considerationsofbirdnests,heatedradome,etc.)
K5.03theapplicationofACandDCpowersystems(examplesmightincludeurbantowersbasedonroof
tops,tunnelsandbridges)
K5.04theapplicationofalternativeenergysourcestowirelesscommunicationsfacilities(examplesmight
includeuseofsolar,windpower,orbio‐massinruralareas)
K5.05heating,ventilation,andairconditioning(HVAC)requirements
K5.06equipmentracks,rackmountingspaces,andrelatedhardware
K5.07electricalprotection(includinggrounding/earthing,bonding,shielding,andlightningprotection)
K5.08basicwaveguidesandtransmissionlines(examplesmightincludeellipticalwaveguides,multiple
cablesruns,pressurizationandsealingofconnectors,etc.)
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K5.09towerspecificationsandstandards(examplesmightincludewindloadcalculationbasedonEffective
PlateArea,alignmentkits,andelevationanglemeasurements)
K5.10physicalsecurityrequirements
K5.11alarmandsurveillancesystems
K5.12effectsofenvironmentalexposure(examplesmightincludecorrosion,temperature,andUV
susceptibility)
K5.13NEBS/ETSIspecificationsaswellasANSI,IEC,andotherapplicablestandards,codes,andother
relevantsite‐specificrequirements
K5.14wheretofindexpertiseinstructuralengineering,firesuppression,andotherbuildingsystems
K5.15regulatoryrequirementsandtelecomlaws(examplesmightincludeinternational,national,and
local);emergingstandardsandnetworkevolution(examplesmightincludeconvergenceofnetworks,IMT‐
advanced);regulatorypillars(examplesmightincludetransparency,freecompetition)andmandates
(examplesmightincludeconsumerprotection,universalservice);internationalorganizationsand
correspondingstructureandfunctions(examplesmightincludetheroleofITUanditssubdivisions)
K5.16spectrumlicensing(examplesmightincludeleasingoptions,primaryandsecondaryassignmentsin
license)
K5.17spectrumcharacteristics,availability,andmanagementincludingformalmethodsofmeasurements
toreportnon‐compliancetoregulatorybodies
K5.18localandsite‐specificrules/codes(examplesmightincludetheNationalElectricCodeintheUSand
analogouscodesinothercountries)andengineeringregulations(examplesmightincludewhen
engineeringworkneedstobesealedbyaProfessionalEngineer)
K5.19electricalandRFsafety(examplesmightincludeUL,EC,CSA,andIEEEC.95)
K5.20frequencyassignmentdatabasesandonlinetools(examplesmightincludeverificationofregistered
usersinthearea,experimentalbandsandtheirusages)
K5.21health,safety,andenvironmentalissues(examplesforRFsafetymightincludeSARlimitsfor
differentcountries[e.g.,Americanlimitsvs.EuropeanlimitsforacceptedSAR‐values]andtheirdifferent
waystomeasureit)
K5.22equipmenttypeapprovalprocesses/requirements
K5.23howtoidentifyandlocateappropriateindustrytechnicalstandards,applicablecodes,andother
pertinentrequirements
Area6—EmergingNewParadigmsandServices
Tasks:
T6.1Analyzenewnetworkandserviceprovisioningarchitectures
T6.2Design,configurationanddimensioningofan4GLTEandLTE‐Asystem:protocolsandarchitecture
T6.3Understandtheevolutionofcellularnetworkstowards5G
T6.4Designsolutionsfornetworkvirtualizationandslicing
36IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
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T6.5EvolutionofWirelessWANandLANstandards:IEEE802.11,IEEE802.15,LoRA,etc.
T6.6DesignofmodernWLANsolutions(recentevolutionsofIEEE802.11beyondac/ad)
T6.7UnderstandtherequirementsanddeploymentscenariosoftheInternetofThings(IoT)
T6.8UnderstandtherequirementsanddeploymentscenariosofMachineTypeCommunications(MTC)
T6.9UnderstandtherequirementsanddeploymentscenariosofVehicleCommunications(V2X)
T6.10AdaptsolutionstotheevolutionoftheEvolvedPacketCore
T6.11Analyzetheevolutionofcellularwirelesssystems(RANandcore)
T6.12Analyzetheevolutionofwirelesssystemstosupportemergingapplications
Knowledgeof:
K6.1Knowledgeof4GLTEandLTE‐Aprotocolsandarchitecture
K6.2Knowledgeof5GNewRadiostandard
K6.3Knowledgeofthe5Garchitecture,includingnetworkslicingandvirtualnetworkfunctions
K6.4Knowledgeofapplicationscenariosforwirelessnetworks(IoT,MTC,V2X)
K6.5KnowledgeofWiFianditsrecentevolutions(IEEE802.11b/a/g,to.11n/ac,tomodernversions)
K6.6Knowledgeof5GRANandEPCarchitecturalcomponentsandprotocols
Area7—FundamentalKnowledge
Knowledgerelatedtoelectricalengineering
K7.1fundamentalAC/DCcircuitanalysis
K7.2mathematicsincludinglinearalgebra,probability,statistics,andBooleanarithmetic
K7.3operationofcomplextestinstruments,includingoscilloscopes,spectrumanalyzers,network
analyzers,TDRs,andsignalgenerators
K7.4frequencyspectrumandFouriertransforms
K7.5basicprintedcircuitboarddesignconsiderations
K7.6transmissiontheoryandlines,antennas,andbasicelectromagneticwavetheoryandapplications
K7.7powercalculations(examplesmightincludedB,dBm,anddBx)
K7.8basicconceptsofqueuingtheoryandtrafficanalysis
K7.9basicsignalprocessing(examples:analoganddigitalprocessing;quantization;linearfilteringtheory,
concepts,anddesign)
K7.10basicconceptsrelatedtoopticalcommunicationsbasicelectronicsystem‐levelblockdiagramsbasic
powersupplydesign
Knowledgerelatedtocommunicationsystems
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)37
2019Candidate’sHandbook
K7.13basiccommunicationsandinformationtheory(analoganddigital)
K7.14basictelephony(includingsignaling,switching,andtransmission)
K7.15noiseimpairments
K7.16basicEMI,EMC,andinterference
K7.17frequencyallocationsandreuse
K7.18modulationtechniquesforanalog(examplesmightincludeAM,FM,andPM)
K7.19modulationtechniquesfordigital(examplesmightincludeFSK,PSK,andQAM)
K7.20wirelessmultiple‐accessschemes(examplesmightincludeFDMA,TDMA,CDMA,andvariants)
K7.21basicsatellitecommunications
K7.22digitaldatatransmissionformats(examplesmightincludeE1/T1andOC‐n/SDH)
K7.23basiccomponentsofRFcircuitry
K7.24basicRFcircuitdesign,includingfilterdesign
K7.25basicRFcoupling,radiation,andantennatheoryconcepts
K7.26measurementsforRFcircuitsandsubsystems,suchasoutputpower,receiversensitivity,noise
figure,linearityperformance,andspectralperformance
Knowledgeofgeneralengineeringmanagement:
K7.27projectmanagementmethodsandprocesses
K7.28fundamentalengineeringeconomics
K7.29designandconfigurationforeaseofmaintenance
K7.30documentationandconfigurationcontrolschemes
K7.31IEEECodeofEthics
38IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
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AppendixB:SuggestedReferences
Thefollowinglistofsugges
tedreferenceshasbeencreatedtoguidecandidatestowardsthetopicsthat
arerelevanttowirelesstechnologiescoveredbytheWCETcertificationexamination.Thelistis,however,
notexhaustive;manyotherusefulresourcesexistandshouldbeconsideredbyapplicantsstudyingforthe
examination.Inclusiononthislistisnotintendedasanendorsementofanybook,nordoesabsencefrom
thislistimplyanythingaboutthecontentorutilityofanyreference.Referencesarelistedinalphabetical
orderbyauthor’sname.
BOOKS
C.A.Balanis,AntennaTheory:AnalysisandDesign,4
th
Ed.,Wiley,2016.
C.BeardandW.Stallings,WirelessCom
municationNetworksandSystems,Pearson,2016.
E.Dahlman,S.Parkvall,andJ.Skold,4G:LTE‐AdvancedProandtheroadto5G,3
rd
Ed.,AcademicPress,2016.
D.De
clercq,M.Fossorier,E.Biglieri,ChannelCoding:Theory,Algorithms,andApplications,Elsevier,20
14
R.Kre
herandGaenger,LTESignaling:TroubleshootingandPerformanceMeasurements,2
nd
Ed.,Wiley,2016.
H.Lehpamer
,MicrowaveTransmissionNetworks,2
nd
Ed.,McGrawHill,2010.
C.Oest
gesandB.Clerckx,MIMOWirelessNetworks:Channels,TechniquesandStandards,2
nd
Ed.,Academic
Press,2013.
J.G.ProakisandM.
Salehi,FundamentalsofCommunicationSystems,2
nd
Ed.,Pearson,2014.
T.S.Rappaport,R.Heath,R.Daniels,J.Murdock,MillimeterWaveWirelessCommunication,PrenticeHall,2015.
M.Richharia,MobileSatelliteCommunications:PrinciplesandTrends,Wiley,2014.
G.Shi,K.Li,
SignalInterferenceinWiFiandZigBeeNetworks,Springer,2017.
W.Stallings,FoundationsofModernNetworking:SDN,NFV,QoE,IoT,andCloud
,Addison‐WesleyProfessional,
20
15.
P.Goransson,C.Black,T.Culver,SoftwareDefinedNetworks:AComprehensiveApproach,MorganKaufmann
,
20
16.
R.Chayapathi,S.F.Hassan,P.Shah,NetworkFunctionsVirtualization(NFV)WithaTouchofSDN,Addison‐
WesleyProfes
sional,2016.
S.V.K
artalopoulos,SecurityofInformationandCommunicationNetworks,
Wiley‐IEEEPress,2009.
J.F.Kurose,K.W.Ross,Co
mputerNetworking:ATop‐DownApproach,Pearson,2016.
HANDBOOKS
J.D.Gibson,Editor‐in‐Chief,TheMobileCommunicationsHandbook(3rdEd.),CRCPress,2012.
InternationalTelecommunicationsUnion–RadiocommunicationSector(www.itu.int/pub/
R‐HDB)
Land
MobileHandbook,multiplevolumes
SatelliteCommunicationsHandbook
NationalAssociationofBroadcastersEngineeringHandbook(11
th
Edition),FocalPress/NAB,Oct2017
http://www.nabstore.com/National_Associatio
n_of_Broadcasters_Engineering_p/9781138930513.htm
ONLINERESOURCES
Jong‐MoonChung,WirelessCommunicationEmergingTechnologies,MOOCcreatedbyYonseiUniversity
(https://www.coursera.org/learn/wireless‐communication‐technologies)
J.P.Linnartz,WirelessCommunicationReferenceWebsite,Chapter3:WirelessPropagationChannels
(www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/chaptr03/propmain.htm)
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)39
2019Candidate’sHandbook
AppendixC:SampleExaminationQuestions
ThefollowingquestionsaretypicalofthosethatwillbeusedonIEEEWCETcertificationexaminations.An
answerkeymaybefoundattheendofthisAppendix.
1. Amobileterminalmovingataspeedof30m/secisreceivingasignalwithacenterfreque
ncyof2
GHz,
havingabandwidthof5MHz.Thereceivedsignalhasadelayspreadof2μsec.Thefull
Doppler
spreadofthe
receivedsignalisapproximately:
1. 0.5MHz
2. 200Hz
3. 400Hz
4. 2.5MHz
2. InaCDMAcellularsystem,thecoverage
regionofacelllocatedinadenseurbanenvironme
ntat5:00
PM(busyhour)ismostli
kelytobe:
1. Th
esameasthecoverageat3:00AM(deadhour)becausetransmitpowerremainsthes
ame.
2. Th
esameasthecoverageat3:00AM(deadhour)becauseprop
agationremainsthesame.
3. smaller
thanthecoverageof3:00AM(deadhour)becauseofhighercellloadi
ng.
4. Smaller
thanthecoverageat3:00AM(deadhour)becauseofmoresignalfadingdue
tomorecars
onthe
street.
3. Toovercomethenear‐far‐problem,theCDMAimplementationforcellulartelephonyuses:
1. Signalspreading.
2. Powercontrol.
3. Codewordorthogonality.
4. Frequencyre‐use.
4. Thechoiceof
aduplexingmethoddependsonthe:
1. Chosenmu
ltipleaccesstechnology.
2. Natureoftheavailables
pectrumandofthetrafficinuplink/downlink.
3. Modulationtypeanderror‐correctionstatistics.
4. Mod
ulationtypeandthemultipleaccesstechnology.
5. Fourth‐generation(4G)standardsarebeingdevelopedundertheumbrellaoftheIT
Uusingwhichof
thefollowingnames?
1. IMT‐2000(Interna
tionalMobileTelecommunication
s2000)
2. FPLMTS(F
uturePublicLandMobileTelecommunicationSyste
m)
3. I
MT‐Advanced(InternationalMobileTelecommunications—Advanced
)
4.
LTE(LongTermEvolution
)
40IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
6. In802.11usingRTS/CTSasanaccessschemewherethedurationofRTS,CTS,andanACKareallequal
toT,t
heShortInterframeSpacingdurationequalsSandthedatapacketdurationofthetransmitti
ng
sourceisD,t
hetotalperiodallocatedtothetransmittingterminalandnoother
sis:
1. 3T+4S+D
2. 3T+3S+D
3. 3T+S+D
4. 3T+2S+
7. Therelations
hipamongtheIEEE802.11
timingparametersis:
1. SIF
S<PIFS<D
IFS.
2. PIFS<
SIFS<D
IFS.
3. SIF
S>PIFS>D
IFS.
4. SIF
S<DIFS<P
IFS.
8. Considerare
ceiverwithaneffectivenoisetemperatureof33°C(306K)anda
7‐kHzbandwidth.
Boltzmann’sconstantis1.
38×10–23Joules/degreeK.Theequivalentthermalnoiseofther
eceiver
inputis:
1. –135.3dBW
2. –173.7dBW
3. –165.3dBW
4. –203.7dBW
9. Afunda
mentalarchitecturaldifferencebetweenMobileIPv4andMobileIPv6isthat:
1. MobileIPv6doesnotrequireHomeAgent(HA).
2. MobileIPv4dynamichomeagentdiscoveryreturnsasinglereplytothemobilenode.
3. Mobi
leIPv6providessecurebutlessoptimizedroutesthanMob
ileIPv4.
4. Mobi
leIPv6doesnotrequireForeignAgent(FA).
10. AmobileterminalinaCDMAnetworktransmitsachannelwithadatarateof12.2kbpsandhasan
activityfactorof67%.IfthetargetEb/N0is5dBandthechiprateis3.84Mcps,thechan
nel’sload
factoris:
1. 1.0
×10‐2
2. 1.6
×10‐2
3. 3.2
×10‐3
4. 6.7
×10‐3
11. Acommunicationsatelliteisoperatingat12.75GHzwithEIRP=48dBW.Thegroundtermin
alis35786
kmfromthesatellitea
ndhasareceiveantennawith33.37dBigain.Thereceivernoisetemperature
is
22.43dBK.B
asedonthesedata,whatisthereceivedcarriertonoise‐spectraldensityC/N0
?
1. 15.17dB
2. 65.28dB
3. 81.91dB
4. 141.91dB
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)41
2019Candidate’sHandbook
12. ThemaximumDopplershiftofasignalwithacarrierfrequencyof28GHzasreceivedbyavehicle
movingat36km/his:
1. 75.6
Hz.
2. 933Hz.
3. 2968Hz.
4. Cannotbe
determinedwiththegiveninformation
.
13. Whichofthefollowingtra
nsmitterantennasystemsisthemostefficient?
1. An
antennasystemthatha
sareturnlossof9.54dB
2. An
antennasystemthathasavoltagestandingwaveratioof1.5:1
3. An
antennasystemthathasareflectioncoefficient
of1/3
4. An
antennasystemthathasavoltagestandingwaveratioof2:1
14. ThemultipleaccessmethodusedinGlobalSystemforMobile(GS
M)communicationsstandardsis:
1. O
thgogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess(OFDMA).
2. TimeDivisionMultipleAccess(TD
M
A).
3. Fre
quencyDivisionM
ultipleAccess(FDMA).
4. CodeDivis
i
onMultipleAccess(CDMA).
15. Bluetoothisanexam
pleofaPersonalAreaNetwork(PAN)that:
1.
canformawirelessnetworkoveralimiteddistanc
e.
2.
Uses5.8GHzfrequencybandforcommunication.
3. Can
enablesofthandover(i.e.,handoff)betweentwoPANs.
4. Isa
nessentialfeatureof3Gspec
ification?
16. Universalgar
agedooropenersoperatinginthe30‐40MHzaremanufacturedinEurope.Whataction
shouldberecommendedbeforetheunitscouldbesoldintheUSA
?
1. To
getUnderwriterLab(U/L)certificationisrecommendedbutnotanessentialprerequisite.
2. No
actionisneededsinceauniversalgaragedooropeneroperatesoverashortrangeand
it
operatesin
anunlicensedband.
3. A
homologationprocessisneededsinceETSIandFCCstandardsfortestingthedevicedon
othave
aone‐to‐onecorresponde
nce.
4. Si
nceunitsarebuilttometricmeasurements,verifythattheyarecompatiblewiththesta
ndardsof
thelo
caldistributor.
17. AnencryptiontechniquethatdoesNOTrelyonthesourceandde
stinationsystemsharingthesame
encryptionke
y
is:
1. Privateke
yencryp
tion.
2. S
ecretkey.
3. Publi
ckey.
4. O
penkey.
42IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
2019Candidate’sHandbook
18. RadioJammingattackworksatwhatlayer?
1. PhysicalLa
yer
2. SessionLayer
3. PresentationLayer
4. N
etworkL
ayer
19. Theerrorprotection/recov
erystrategymostappropriateforawirelesslinkcharacterize
dbypoor
signalquali
tyandhighpropagationdela
yis:
1. Forwarderrorcorrection.
2. stop‐an
d‐waitARQ.
3. S
electiverepeatAR
Q.
4. go‐ba
ck‐NARQ.
20. Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsbestexplainsthefrequencyselectivefadingphenomen
on?
1. I
tariseswhenthecoherencetimeofthechannelislargerelativetothedelayconstraintofthe
channel.
2. T
hecoherencebandwidthofthechannelissmallerthanthebandwidthofthesignal.
3. T
hecoherencebandwidthofthechannelisgreaterthanthebandwidthofthesignal.
4. I
toccurswhenthecoherencetimeofthechannelissmallrelativetothedelayconstraintofthe
channel.
Answers:Q1–3;Q2–3;Q3–2;Q4–2;Q5–3;Q6–2;Q7–1;
Q8–3;Q9–4;Q10–4;Q11–3;Q12–2;
Q13–2;Q14–2;Q15–1;Q16–3;Q7–3;Q18–1;Q19–1;Q20‐2
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)43
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AppendixD:Glossary
3DES TripleDESEncryption
3G 3
rd
GenerationMobile
Telecommunications
3GPP 3
rd
GenerationPartnership
Project
3GPP2 3GPartnershipProject2
A5 EncryptionalgorithminGSM
AAA Authentication,Authorization,
andAccounting
AAD AdditionalAuthenticationData
ACK Acknowledge
ACM AddressCompleteMessage
ACM AdaptiveCodeModulation
ADC AnalogtoDigitalConverter
AES AdvancedEncryptionStandard
AF DiffServAssuredForwarding
AFD AverageFadeDistortion
AGC AutomaticGainControl
ALC AutomaticLevelControl
AM AmplitudeModulation
AMC AdaptiveModulationandCoding
AMPS AdvancedMobilePhoneSystem
ANM AnswerMessage
ANSI AmericanNationalStandards
Institute
AODR AdhocOnDemandRouting
AP AccessPoint
APD AvalanchePhotoDiode
AR AxialRatioinElliptical
Polarization
ARIB AssociationofRadioIndustries
andBusinesses
ARQ AutomaticRepeat‐Request
AS ApplicationServer
ASCII AmericanStandardCodefor
InformationInterchange
ASK AmplitudeShiftKeying
ASN AccessServiceNetwork
ASN.1 AbstractSyntaxNotationOne
ASP ApplicationServiceProvider
ATIS AllianceforTelecommunications
IndustrySolutions(US)
ATM AsynchronousTransferMode
ATPC AutomaticTransmitPower
Control
AuC AuthenticationCenter
AUT AntennaUnderTest
AUTN NetworkAuthenticationToken
AUTS Tokenusedinresynchronization
AWGN AdditiveWhiteGaussianNoise
AWS AdvancedWirelessServices
BCCH BroadcastControlChannel
BCMCS BroadcastandMulticastServices
BE BestEffort
BER BitErrorRate
BGP BorderGatewayProtocol
BSC
BaseStationController
BSS BasicServiceSet
BTS BaseTransceiverStation
CB CertificationBody
CBC CipherBlockChaining
CBC‐MAC CipherBlockChainingMessage
AuthenticationCode
CC CallControl
CCCH CommonControlChannel
CCI Co‐ChannelInterference
CCM CounterwithCBC‐MAC
CCMP CounterwithCBC‐MACProtocol
CCSA ChinaCommunications
StandardsAssociation
CDMA CodeDivisionMultipleAccess
CGM ConjugateGradientMethod
CID ConnectionID
CIR CarriertoInterferenceRatio
CM ConnectionManagement
CMOS ComplementaryMetalOxide
Semiconductor
COFDM CodedOrthogonalFrequency
DivisionMultiplexing
COMP128 AuthenticationAlgorithminGSM
CP CircularPolarization
CP Cyclicprefix
CPC CyclicPrefixCode
CQI ChannelQualityIndicator
CRC CyclicRedundancyCheck
CRC‐32 CyclicRedundancyCheck,32bits
44IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
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CS CodingScheme
CSA CanadianStandardsAssociation
CSCF CallSessionControlFunction
CSMA/CA CarrierSenseMultipleAccess
withCollisionAvoidance
CSMA/CD CarrierSenseMultipleAccess
withCollisionDetection
CSN ConnectivityServiceNetwork
CST ComputerSimulation
Technology
CTIA InternationalAssociationforthe
WirelessTelecommunications
Industry
CTS CleartoSend
DARPA DefenseAdvancedResearch
ProjectsAgency
dBi DecibelIsotropic
dBm DecibelMilliwatts
dBr DecibelRelative
DCF DistributedCoordination
Function
DCH DedicatedChannel
DDoS DistributedDenialofService
DECT DigitalEnhancedCordless
Telephony
DES DataEncryptionStandard
DiffServ DifferentiatedServices
DIFS DistributedInter‐frameSpace
DL Downlink
DMB DigitalMultimediaBroadcasting
DNS DomainNameSystem
DoS DenialofService
DPCCH DedicatedPhysicalControl
Channel
DPSK DifferentialPhaseShiftKeying
DQPSK DifferentialQuadrature(or
Quarternary)PhaseShiftKeying
DRA DirectResonatorAntenna
DRC DataRateControl
DS‐CDMA DirectSourceCodeDivision
MultipleAccess
DSL DigitalSubscriberLine
DSR DynamicSourceRouting
DSS1 DigitalSubscriberSignalingSystem
No.1
DSSS DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrum
DVB‐H DigitalVideoBroadcast‐
Handheld
DWDM DenseWavelengthDivision
Multiplexing
EAP ExtensibleAuthentication
Protocol
EAP‐FAST EAPFlexibleAuthenticationvia
SecureTunneling
EAPoL EAPoverLAN
EAP‐TLS EAPTransportLayerSecurity
EAP‐TTLS EAPTu
nneledTLS
E‐DCH EnhancedDedicatedChannel
EDGE EnhancedDataRatesforGSM
Evolution
EF DiffServExpeditedForwarding
EGC EqualGainCombining
EGPRS EnhancedGPRS
EIA ElectronicIndustriesAlliance
EIR EquipmentIdentityRegister
EM Electromagnetic
EMC ElectromagneticCompatibility
EP EllipticalPolarization
ERP EffectiveRadiatedPower
ESD ElectrostaticDischarge
ESS ExtendedServiceSet
ET ErrorTracking
eTOM EnhancedTelecomOperations
Map
ETSI EuropeanTelecommunications
StandardsInstitute
FA ForeignAgent
FACA FederalAdvisoryCommitteeAct
(US)
FBSS FastBaseStationSwitching
FCAPS FaultConfigurationAccounting
PerformanceandSecurity
FCC FederalCommunications
Commission(US)
FDD FrequencyDivisionDuplex
FDDI FiberDistributedDataInterface
FDMA FrequencyDivisionMultiple
Access
FDTD FiniteDifferenceTimeDomain
FEM FiniteElementMethod

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FFT FastFourierTransform
FHSS FrequencyHopSpreadSpectrum
Fi‐Wi Fiber‐Wireless
FR2,4 FlameResistant,ANSIClass2or4
FSK FrequencyShiftKeying
FSO FreeSpaceOptics
FSS FrequencySelectiveSurfaces
G.711 ITU‐TStandardforAudioPulse
CodeModulation
GEO GeostationaryEarthOrbit
GGSN GatewayGPRSSupportNode
GKH GroupKeyHierarchy
GMSC GatewayMobileSwitchingCenter
GMSK GaussianMinimumShiftKeying
GPRS GeneralPacketRadioService
GPS GlobalPositioningSystem
GSM GlobalSystemforMobile
Communications
GTC GenericTokenCard
H.263 LowBit‐RateVideoCompression
Standard
H.264 Next‐GenerationVideo
CompressionFormat(akaMPEG‐4
AVC)
HA HomeAgent
HARQ HybridAutomaticRepeatRequest
HDLC High‐levelDataLinkControl
HE HomeEnvironment
HFSS HighFrequencyStructure
Simulator
HHO HardHandoff
Hi‐Cap HighCapacity
HLR HomeLocationRegister
HLR/AuC HomeLocationRegister/
AuthenticationCenter
HN HomeNetwork
HO Handoff
HSDPA HighSpeedDownlinkPacket
Access
HS‐DSCH HighSpeedDownlinkShared
Channel
HSPA HighSpeedPacketAccess
HSS HomeSubscriberServer
HSUPA HighSpeedUplinkPacketAccess
HTTP HypertextTransferProtocol
IBSS IndependentBasicServiceSet
ICMP InternetControlMessage
Protocol
I‐CSCF InterrogatingCSCF
ICV IntegrityCheckValue
IDEN IntegratedDigitalEnhanced
Network
IDU IndoorUnit
IEC
InternationalElectrotechnical
Commission
IECEE IECSystemforConformityTesting
andCertificationof
ElectrotechnicalEquipmentand
Components
IETF InternetEngineeringTaskForce
IF IntermediateFrequency
IFFT InverseFastFourierTransform
IK IntegrityKey
IKE InternetKeyExchange
IMS IPMultimediaSystem
IMSI InternationalMobileSubscriber
Identity
IMT‐2000 ITUStandard:International
MobileTelecommunicationsfor
2000
IP InternetProtocol
IPv4 InternetProtocolVersion4
IPv6 InternetProtocolVersion6
IP‐CAN IPConnectivityAccessNetwork
IPSec InternetProtocolSecurity
IS‐95 InterimStandard95forCDMA
IS‐136 InterimStandard136forTDMA
ISAKMP InternetSecurityAssociationand
KeyManagementProtocol
ISDN IntegratedServicesDigital
Network
ISI Inter‐SymbolInterference
ISIS IntermediateSystemto
IntermediateSystem
ISM
Industrial,ScientificandMedical
RadioFrequencyBand
ISO
InternationalOrganizationfor
Standardization
ISUP ISDNUserPart
ISUPIAM ISUPInitialAddressMessage
I‐TCP IndirectTCP
46IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)
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ITIL InformationTechnology
InfrastructureLibrary
ITU InternationalTelecommunication
Union
ITU‐R ITURadiocommunicationSector
ITU‐T ITUTelecommunication
StandardizationSector
KA KnowledgeArea
KC CipheringKey
KCK EAPoLKeyCommunicationKey
KEK EAPoLKeyEncryptionKey
LAN LocalAreaNetwork
LDPC Low‐DensityParityCheck
LEO LowEarthOrbit
LHCP LeftHandCircularPolarization
LMS LeastMeanSquare
LO LocalOscillator
Lo‐Cap LowCapacity
LOS LineOfSight
LP LinearPolarization
LR‐WPAN LowRateWirelessPersonalArea
Network
LS‐CMA LeastSquaresConstantModulus
Algorithm
LTE LongTermEvolution
MAC MediumAccessControl
MAC MessageAuthenticationCode
MAC‐S AuthenticationTokenUsedin
Resynchronization
MAN MetropolitanAreaNetwork
MAP MobileApplicationPart
MBMS MultimediaBroadcast/Multicast
Service
MCW MultiCodeword
MD5 MessageDigest5
MDHO MacroDiversityHandover
MDS MinimumDiscernibleSignal
Media‐FLO ForwardLinkOnlyData
Transmission
MGCF MediaGatewayControlFunction
MGW MediaGateway
MIB ManagementInformationBase
MIC MessageIntegrityCode
MIMO MultipleInputMultipleOutput
MIP MobileIP
MISO MultipleInputSingleOutput
MM MobilityManagement
MMUSC MultipartyMultimediaUser
SessionControl
MoM MethodofMoments
MOS MeanOpinionScore
MPDU MACProtocolDataUnit
MPEG MovingPi
ctureExpertGroup
MPLS MultiprotocolLabelSwitching
MR MeshRouter
MRC MaximumRatioCombining
MRF MediaResourceFunction
MS MobileStation
MSC MobileSwitchingCenter
MSC/VLR MSCVisitorLocationRegister
MSK MinimumShiftKeying
MSS MaximumSegmentSize
MTBF MeanTimeBetweenFailures
MTTR MeanTimeToRepair
MU‐MIMO MultipleUserMIMO
NACK NegativeAcknowledge
NAS NetworkAccessServer
NAV NetworkAllocationVector
NCRP NationalCouncilonRadiation
Protection&Measurements
NEBS NetworkEquipment‐Building
System
NEC NationalElectricalCode
(NFPA70)
NF NoiseFigure
NFC NearFieldCommunication
NGMC NextGenerationMobile
Committee
NGMN NextGenerationMobileNetwork
NGN NextGenerationNetwork
NIC NetworkInterfaceCard
NIST NationalInstituteofStandards
andTechnology(US)
NLOS NonLineOfSight
NMHA NormalModeHelicalAntenna
NRSC NationalRadioSystems
Committee
NRSC NetworkReliabilitySteering
Committee(ATIS–US)
NRZ Non‐ReturntoZero
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NSP NetworkServiceProvider
NSS NetworkSubsystem
NSTAC NationalSecurity
TelecommunicationsAdvisory
Committee(US)
OATS OpenAreaTestSite
ODU OutdoorUnit
OFDM OrthogonalFrequency‐Division
Multiplexing
OFDMA OrthogonalFrequencyDivision
MultipleAccess
OGC OfficeofGovernmentCommerce
(UK)
OLSR OptimizedLinkStateRouting
OSA OpportunisticSpectrumAddress
OSI OpenSystemsInterconnection
OSPF OpenShortestPathFirst
OSS/BSS OperationalandBusinessSupport
Systems
OTA OverTheAir
OTP OneTimePassword
PA PowerAmplifier
PAN PersonalAreaNetwork
PAPR PeaktoAveragePowerRatio
PBCCH PacketBroadcastControlChannel
PCM PulseCodeModulation
P‐CSCF ProxyCSCF
PDC PersonalDigitalCellular
PDSN PacketDataServingNode
PDU ProtocolDataUnit
PEAP ProtectedEAP
PHY Physical(layer)
PIFA PlanarInvertedFAntenna
PIN PersonalIdentificationNumber
PIN PositiveIntrinsicNegative
(photodiode)
PKH PairwiseKeyHierarchy
PL PathLoss
PLMN PublicLandMobileNetwork
PN PseudoNoise
PO PhysicalOptics
PON PassiveOpticalNetwork
PPP PointtoPointProtocol
PRMA PacketReservationMediaAccess
PSK PhaseShiftKeying
PSTN PublicSwitchedTelephone
Network
QAM QuadratureAmplitude
Modulation
QoS QualityofService
QPSK QuadraturePhaseShiftKeying
RAB
RadioAccessBearer
RACH Random
AccessChannel
RADIUS RemoteAccessDialInUserServer
RAN RadioAccessNetwork
RAND Random
RC4 RC4CipherAlgorithm
RET RemoteElectricalTilt
RF RadioFrequency
RFC RequestforChange
RFC RequestforComments
RFID RadioFrequencyIdentification
RHCP RightHandCircularPolarization
RIP RoutingInformationProtocol
RLC RadioLinkControl
RLS RecursiveLeastSquares
RMON RemoteNetworkMONitoring
RNC RadioNetworkController
ROAMOPS IETFRoamingOperations
ROF RadioOverFiber
ROHC RObustHeaderCompression
RR RadioResource
RRC RadioResourceControl
RSA Rivest,Shamir,andAdelman
algorithmforcryptography
RSN RobustSecurityNetwork
RSNA RobustSecurityNetwork
Association
RTP RealTimeProtocol
RTS RequestToSend
RTT RoundTripTime
S/N SignaltoNoiseRatio
SA SecurityAssociation
SAR SpecificAbsorptionRate
SCCP SignalingConnectionControl
Protocol
SCP SmartCardPlatform(ETSI)
S‐CSCF ServingCSCF
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SCTP StreamControlTransmission
Protocol
SCW SingleCodeword
SDCCH Stand‐aloneDedicatedControl
Channel
SDH SynchronousDigitalHierarchy
SDMA SpaceDivisionMultipleAccess
SDR SoftwareDefinedRadio
SEGF SecurityGatewayFunction
SET SecureElectronicTransaction
SF SpreadingFactor
SFDR SpuriousFreeDynamicRange
SFID ServiceFlowID
SGSN ServingGPRSSupportNode
SGW SignalingGateway
SHA SecureHashAlgorithm
SID SecureIdentificationNumber
SIFS ShortInter‐FrameSpace
SIG SpecialInterestGroup(ofWWRF)
SigTran SignalTransport
SIM SubscriberIdentityModule
SIMO SingleInputMultipleOutput
SIP SessionInitiationProtocol
SIR SignaltoInterferenceRatio
SISO SingleInputSingleOutput
SLF SubscriberLocationFunction
SMI StructureofManagement
Information
SMS ShortMessageService
SM‐SC ShortMessageServiceCenter
SMTP SimpleMessageTransferProtocol
SNMP SimpleNetworkManagement
Protocol
SNR SignaltoNoiseRatio
SPC SingleParityCheck
SQN SequenceNumber
SRES SignedResponse
SRTP SecureRTP
SS7 SignalingSystemNo.7
SSB SingleSideband
SSID ServiceSetIdentifier
SSPA SolidStatePowerAmplifier
STA Station
STM SynchronousTransferMode
SYN Synchronization
TCH TrafficChannel
TCH/FS TrafficChannelFullRateSpeech
TCH/HS TrafficChannelHalfRateSpeech
TCP TransmissionControlProtocol
TCP/IP TCP/InternetProtocol
TD‐CDMA
TimeDivisionCDMA
TDD Time
DivisionDuplex
TDD‐HCR TDDHighChipRate
TDD‐LCR TDDLowChipRate
TDMA TimeDivisionMultipleAccess
TDOA TimeDifferenceOfArrival
TD‐SCDMA TimeDivisionSynchronousCDMA
TIA TelecommunicationsIndustry
Association
TK TemporalKey
TKIP TemporalKeyIntegrityProtocol
TMF TeleManagementForum
TRAP TDMA‐basedRandomlyAccessed
Polling
TripleDES TripleDESEncryption(3DES)
TS TimeSlot
TSC TKIPSequenceCounter
TSG 3GPPTechnicalSpecification
Group
TSGCT CoreNetworkandTerminalsTSG
TSG
GERAN
GSMEDGERadioAccessNetwork
TSG
TSGRAN RadioAccessNetworkTSG
TSGSA Service&SystemsAspectsTSG
TTA TelecommunicationsTechnology
AssociationofKorea
TTC TelecommunicationTechnology
Committee(Japan)
TWTA TravelingWaveTubeAmplifier
UDP UserDatagramProtocol
UE UserEquipment
UL UnderwritersLaboratories(US)
UMB UltraMobileBroadband
UMTS UniversalMobile
TelecommunicationsSystem
UMTSAKA UMTSAuthenticationandKey
Agreement
UPC UplinkPowerControl
UPS UninterruptiblePowerSupply
USGS UnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey
USIM UMTSSIM
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UTRA UMTSTerrestrialRadioAccess
UTRAN UMTSTerrestrialRadioAccess
Network
UWB UltraWideband
VLR VisitorLocationRegister
VN VisitedNetwork
VoIP VoiceoverInternetProtocol
VSAT VerySmallApertureTerminal
VSWR VoltageStandingWaveRatio
WAN WideAreaNetwork
W‐CDMA WidebandCDMA
WCET WirelessCommunication
EngineeringTechnologies
WCP WirelessCommunications
Professional
WEP WirelessEncryptionProtocol
WERT WirelessEmergencyResponse
Team
WG WorkingGroup(e.g.,ofWWRF)
WiFi WirelessFidelity
WiMAX WorldwideInteroperabilityfor
MicrowaveAccess
WINNER WirelessWorldInitiativeNew
Radio
WLAN WirelessLocalAreaNetwork
WMAN WirelessMetropolitanArea
Network
WMN WirelessMeshNetwork
WPA WiFiProtectedAccess
WPAN WirelessPersonalAreaNetwork
WRC WorldRadiocommunication
Conference
WWRF WirelessWorldResearchForum
XG NextGeneration
XKMS XMLKeyManagementServices
XMAC Cryptographicprimitiveinthe
3GSMKeyGenerationProcess
XOR ExclusiveOr
ZRP ZoneRoutingProtocol
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AppendixE:Constants,ConversionsandEquations
ConstantsandConversions
Boltzmann’sconstant:k=1.38×10
‐23
Joules/Kelvin
Speedoflight:c=3×10
8
meters/second
Radiusoftheearth:R=6,367km
Naturallogbase:e=2.718
Logbaseconversion:log
2
(x)=(lnx)/(ln2)≈1.443lnx
Equations
Radiowavepropagationinfreespace:
2
4
r
tr
t
P
GG
Pd



Totalpathlos
s:
2
0
0
()
4
n
tot
d
Ld
dd







ApproximateLOSd
istancetotheradiohorizon
withdgiveninkmandhinmeters:
17dh
LOSclearanceaboveanobstacle(metr
ic)with
d
1
andd
2
inkm,FinGHz,andRinmeters:

12
12
17.3
dd
R
F
dd
Wavelength:
λ=c/f
MaximumDopplerfrequencyshift: f
m
=v/λ
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Level‐crossingrate(Rayleighfading):
Averagefadeduration(Rayleighfading):
ErlangBdistribution:
Channelcapacity:
AntennaDesignEquations
Antennagain:
Parabolicantennadirectivity:
Near/far‐fieldboundary:
NoiseFigureCalculations
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Everyyear,theIEEECommunicationsSocietysponsorsmajorconferencesthatattracthundredsofthe
bestqualitypaper/presentationsubmissionsandattendees.Heldatconvenientlocationsaroundthe
world,thesemeetingsattractthousandsofparticipantswhohavemuchtosharebeyondtheirstrong
desiretolearn.CommunicationsSocietyconferencesandworkshopsprovideidealopportunitiestobea
partofthelatesttechnologicaldevelopmentsandtonetworkwiththeleaderswhoarechangingtheworld
ofcommunications.
Publications
Frommagazinestojournalstoonlineaccessanddigitaleditions,theIEEECommunicationsSociety
producestheworld’smostcitedpublicationsincommunicationstechnologyandscience.Somearefree
withmembershipandallpublicationsareavailableonline.VisittheComSocwebsiteandDigitalLibraryat
www.comsoc.orgforsubmissioninstructions,subscriptioninformation,andmore
IEEEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGIES(WCET)53
2019Candidate’sHandbook
Top5ReasonsforOrganizationstoSupporttheIEEEWCETCredential
Leading
organizationsaroundtheworldhavefoundthatitpaystoinvestinprofessionalcredentialing.The
IEEEWirelessCommunicationsProfessional(WCP)credentialisdesignedtohavehighpay‐offforyour
organizationandforthewirelesscommunicationsindustry.
• IEEEWCPcredentialholdershavedemonstratedtheirknowledgeofwirelessengineeringte
chnology
conceptsandterminology.Toobtai
ntheIEEEWCPcredential,candidatesmustpassarigorous
examinationbasedonthevalidatedbodyofknowledgeunderlyingthetasksperformedinthe
industry.
• IEEEWCPcredentialholdersareappliedpractitioners.Credentialholdersaretestednotonlyontheir
knowledgeofwirelesscommunicationengineeringtechnologyandpractice,butalsoontheirskills
usingthatknowledgetoperformandtodevelopandimplementhigh‐qualitydeliverables.
• IEEEWCPcredentialholdershavesuccessfullyrespondedtoasignificantchallenge.
Theyhave
demonstrate
dbothdepthandbreadthintheirwirelesscommunicationsengineeringknowledge.
• Organizationscanretainemployeesbyinvestinginthem.SupportingtheIEEEWCPcredentialandIE
EE
WCPcredentialholdersdemonstratesarealcommitmenttothem;in
turn,WCPcredentialholders
willdemonstrateacommitmenttoyou.
• YoursupportfortheIEEEWCPcredentialmakesapowerfulstatementtocustomersaboutthecaliber
of
yourpeople
andyourcommitmenttoglobalbest‐practices.TheIEEEWCETcertificationisboth
transnationalandvendorneutral;therequiredexaminationthateachIEEEWCPcredentialholder
haspassedreflectstheworkrequirementsofprofessionalsaroundtheglobe.
WhatIndustryProfessionalsareSayingaboutIEEEWCETCertification
“Thiscertificationwouldenhancemyqualificationswithnewclients.”
—TomLavrisa,PrincipalEngineer,Ontario,Canada
“Iwouldmakehiringdecisionsbased,atleastinpart,onWCETresults.”
—VasuSubramanian,Manager,Alcatel‐Lucent
“Theexamtrulytestedthebroaderunderstandingofthewirelessengineeringprofession...”
—SivanRamanchandran,Bangalore,India
“TheWCETcertificationgreatlyhelpstocommunicatemycapabilitiestoothers.”
—ChrisBarroso,SanDiego,California
“...Wedonotoftencomeacrossaprogramwhichspecificallyaddressesthefullbreadthofthis
technologynortheaspirationsofwirelessengineersingainingrecognizedandspecificindustry
qualificationsthroughaprogramofstudyandlearningoutsideoftheircollegeordegreecourses.”
—IanRose,BTDesign,UnitedKingdom