www.cga.ct.gov/olr
OLRequest@cga.ct.gov
Connecticut General Assembly
Office of Legislative Research
Stephanie A. D’Ambrose, Director
(860) 240-8400
Room 5300
Legislative Office Building
OLR Backgrounder: Body Cameras,
Dashboard Cameras, and Other Police
Recording Equipment
By: George Miles, Associate Attorney
August 19, 2020 | 2020-R-0173
Issue
This report summarizes state law concerning body-worn recording equipment (i.e., body cameras),
dashboard cameras, and electronic defense weapon recording equipment.
Summary
Current state statutes generally require police officers to use body cameras while interacting with
the public in their law enforcement capacity if they are sworn members of (1) the State Police; (2)
one of, currently, nine public university or college special police forces; or (3) one of, currently, 38
municipal police departments that have received certain state reimbursement grants for body
camera purchases. Sworn members of all other municipal police departments, of which there are
currently 56, are expressly permitted to use body cameras (CGS § 29-6d(c), as amended by PA 19-
11). (State law regulates the use of body cameras by members of all other state and tribal law
enforcement units that are currently absent from CGS § 29-6d, but it does not currently expressly
authorize or prohibit their use.) In total, the Connecticut Conference of Municipalities estimates that
at least 47 cities and towns currently have police with body cameras and an additional 80 small
towns are patrolled by state troopers with body cameras (see this July 22, 2020, publication).
By January 1, 2021, the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection (DESPP) must
equip every State Police uniformed trooper with a body camera and every Connecticut State Police
marked vehicle with a dashboard camera (Governor Lamont’s Executive Order No. 8). Beginning
July 1, 2022, a new law (1) expands the state statutes’ body camera requirement to all sworn
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members of state, municipal, and tribal law enforcement units and members of those units who
perform police duties and (2) obligates each of those units to require the use of dashboard
cameras with a remote recorder in each police patrol vehicle used by any of the officers it employs
(CGS § 29-6d, as amended by PA 20-1, July Special Session (JSS)).
State law requires, among other things, that police basic and review training programs conducted
or administered by the State Police, the Police Officer Standards and Training Council (POST), and
municipal police departments include training on using body cameras and retaining the records
they create (CGS § 7-294s). It also (1) prescribes how body cameras must be worn, (2) requires
officers to regularly inspect and report on the condition of the body cameras, (3) prohibits altering
or sharing camera recordings except as required by state or federal law, and (4) makes some
specific recordings confidential. Several existing body camera requirements will apply to dashboard
cameras with a remote recorder starting on July 1, 2022 (CGS § 29-6d, as amended by PA 19-11,
PA 19-90, and PA 20-1, JSS).
The DESPP commissioner and POST are responsible for producing, and revising as necessary, (1)
minimal technical specifications for body cameras, dashboard cameras with a remote recorder, and
digital data storage devices or services used to retain the cameras’ recordings; (2) guidelines on
camera use and data retention; and (3) minimum standards and practices regarding the use of
body cameras (CGS §§ 29-6d(b) & (j), as amended by PA 20-1, JSS, and 7-294ee(a)).
The Office of Policy and Management (OPM) must administer (1) up to $12 million in grants to
DESPP and municipalities for purchasing certain body cameras, dashboard cameras with a remote
recorder, electronic defense weapon recording equipment, and digital data storage devices or
services and (2) an up to $4 million grant program to aid similar purchases by municipalities (PA
15-1, June Special Session, as amended by PA 20-1, CGS § 7-277b, as amended by PA 19-11 and
PA 20-1, and PA 20-1, JSS).
Relatedly, the legislature established the Body-Worn Recording Equipment Task Force and the
Police Transparency and Accountability Task Force to study and make recommendations on, among
other things, the use of body cameras by police (PA 17-225, as amended by PA 18-187, and PA 19-
90, as amended by PA 20-1, JSS). As of the date of this report and according to the Body-Worn
Recording Equipment Task Force’s administrator, it has never met or submitted a report. The Police
Transparency and Accountability Task Force has met several times and published a draft report
(see the June 30, 2020, version). Among that report’s preliminary priorities and recommendations
is to mandate body-worn cameras in all departments.
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Current DESPP-POST Administrative Materials
Minimal Technical Specifications
By law, the DESPP commissioner and POST must jointly evaluate and approve minimal technical
specifications of (1) body cameras for police officers to wear and (2) digital storage devices or
services for law enforcement agencies to use to retain cameras’ recorded data. They must also
make the specifications available to law enforcement agencies and may revise them as necessary
(CGS § 29-6d(b)). The current version of the specifications, dated December 21, 2015, is available
here. It provides detailed requirements on, among other things, minimum video resolution, battery
run-time, and cloud storage security standards.
Guidelines
Under state law, the DESPP commissioner and POST must jointly issue guidelines on using body
cameras, retaining their data, and storing the data safely and securely. They may update and
reissue the guidelines as necessary and submit them to the Judiciary and Public Safety and
Security committees (CGS § 29-6d(j)). The current version of the guidelines, published as POST
General Notice 15-05 and dated November 23, 2015, is available in Pdf form here and in Word
form here. It establishes, among other things, use procedures, supervisory personnel
responsibilities, and file access directions as well as incorporating several provisions from CGS §
29-6d.
Minimum Standards and Practices
By law, POST and the DESPP commissioner or his designee must jointly develop, adopt, and revise,
as necessary, minimum standards and practices for administering and managing law enforcement.
They must be based on standards established by the International Association of Chiefs of Police
and the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, Inc. (CALEA) and include
standards and practices regarding, among other things, body camera use. POST must publish the
minimum standards and practices on its website and distribute them to all state, municipal, and
tribal law enforcement units (CGS § 7-294ee(a)).
The current version of these standards and practices, published within POST General Notice 20-04
and dated June 12, 2020, is available here. Regarding body cameras, they require law enforcement
units that use them to have a policy that meets or exceeds the guidelines described above in POST
General Notice 15-05.
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Current Body Camera Law – CGS § 29-6d
Police Officers Subject to the Statute
Required Users
CGS § 29-6d generally requires, with specific exceptions detailed below, that three sets of sworn
police officers use body cameras while interacting with the public in their law enforcement
capacities. First, are those in the State Police. Second, are those in public university and college
special police forces. Specifically, those at UConn, Central Connecticut State University, Southern
Connecticut State University, Eastern Connecticut State University, Western Connecticut State
University, and certain regional community technical college campuses (the forces at the
community colleges are not automatically established by statute but instead subject to the Board of
Regents for Higher Education’s approval) (CGS §§ 29-6d(c)(1), as amended by PA 19-11, and 10a-
156b). As of the date of this report and according to the Connecticut State Colleges and
Universities, police forces have been approved at four of the twelve community colleges: Capital
Community College, Gateway Community College, Manchester Community College, and Naugatuck
Valley Community College.
The third set of officers are generally those in municipal police departments that have received a
reimbursement grant from OPM for body cameras (CGS § 29-6d(c)(1), as amended by PA 19-11).
Based on this OPM webpage, out of 94 municipalities with police departments, 38 have received
grants, specifically:
Bloomfield
Branford
Bridgeport
Cheshire
Coventry
Darien
East Haven
Easton
Fairfield
Glastonbury
Groton Town
Hamden
Hartford
Ledyard
Middlebury
Milford
Monroe
Naugatuck
New Haven
Newtown
North Branford
North Haven
Norwalk
Norwich
Old Saybrook
Orange
Plainfield
Putnam
Redding
Southbury
Stratford
Torrington
Vernon
Watertown
Wethersfield
Wilton
Wolcott
Woodbridge
There is a limitation on this requirement for officers of municipalities that only received a grant
based on body camera purchases made from January 1, 2012, through June 30, 2016, because
state law does not require those municipalities to have purchased a sufficient quantity of cameras.
Which, if any, of the 38 grant recipient municipalities made those types of purchases are not readily
identified based on OPM’s online publications. The limitation for officers of those municipalities is
that they are required to use a body camera to the extent their department supplies one to them
(CGS § 29-6d(c)(1)(D), as amended by PA 19-11).
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Authorized Users
Sworn members of all other municipal police departments are permitted to use body cameras as
directed by their departments provided it is in accordance with state law (CGS § 29-6d(c)(2)).
Terms of Use
Training
State law generally prohibits the police officers from using body cameras until they receive training
from the State Police, POST, or a municipal police department on using the cameras and retaining
the data they create. Officers’ respective agencies must ensure that they receive training at least
annually, including training on the proper care and maintenance of cameras. Police basic and
review training programs conducted or administered by the State Police, POST, and municipal
police departments must include training on using body cameras and retaining the records they
create (CGS §§ 29-6d(h) and 7-294s).
Body Camera Technical Specifications
The police officers must generally use body cameras that conform to the above DESPP-POST
minimal technical specifications but may use non-conforming cameras if they were purchased by
their agencies before January 1, 2016 (CGS § 29-6d(c)(4)).
Regular Inspection
By law, the police officers must (1) inspect and test their body cameras before each shift to verify
proper functioning; (2) notify their supervisors of problems found during inspection; and (3) inform
supervisors, as soon as practicable, about lost, damaged, or malfunctioning cameras. When
notified about lost, damaged, or malfunctioning cameras, supervisors must ensure they are
inspected and repaired or replaced, as necessary (CGS § 29-6d(i)).
Body Placement
When using a body camera, each police officer must wear it on his or her outer-most garment and
above the midline of the torso (CGS § 29-6d(c)(3)).
Guidelines
Under CGS § 29-6d(j), the police officers are required to follow the DESPP-POST guidelines on using
body cameras (i.e., POST General Notice 15-05). These guidelines incorporate several CGS § 29-6d
provisions, including on body camera placement and inspection.
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Restrictions
By law, the police officers are prohibited from using body cameras to intentionally record the
following occurrences or situations, unless an agreement between the officer’s agency and the
federal government provides otherwise:
1. communications with State Police, municipal police department, or public university or
college special police force personnel unless recorded within the performance of the
officers’ duties;
2. encounters with undercover officers or informants;
3. officers on break or engaged in personal activities;
4. people undergoing medical or psychological evaluations, procedures, or treatments;
5. people, other than criminal suspects, in a hospital or medical facility; or
6. in a mental health facility unless responding to a call involving a criminal suspect in the
facility (CGS § 29-6d(g)(1)).
Management of Recordings
Handling in General
State Police, municipal police department, and public university or college special police force
employees are prohibited from editing, erasing, copying, sharing, altering, or distributing any body
camera recording or its data except as required by state or federal law (CGS § 29-6d(d)).
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Exemptions
By law, certain body camera recordings are exempted from disclosure under Connecticut’s FOIA
and must be confidential. Specifically, recordings:
1. involving any of the six occurrences or situations described above that police officers are
generally prohibited from intentionally recording;
2. of incident scenes involving victims of domestic abuse, sexual abuse, homicide, suicide, or a
fatal accident if disclosure could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted
invasion of personal privacy; or
3. of a minor.
However, recordings of a minor must be disclosed if:
1. the minor and his or her parent or guardian consent to disclosure;
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2. the minor or his or her parent or guardian alleges police misconduct, and the person
representing the accused officer in an investigation requests disclosure solely to prepare a
defense; or
3. a person is charged with a crime and his or her counsel requests disclosure solely to aid in
the person’s defense, provided the record’s discovery as evidence is otherwise allowed (CGS
§ 29-6d(g)(2)).
Review in General
The police officers may review recordings from their body cameras to assist in preparing a report or
in the performance of their duties (CGS § 29-6d(e)).
Review Based on Use of Force or Discipline
When giving a formal statement about the use of force or when he or she is the subject of a
disciplinary investigation where a body camera recording is part of the review, each police officer
has a right to review (1) the recording, together with his or her attorney or labor representative, and
(2) recordings from other body cameras capturing his or her image or voice during the incident.
These recordings must be disclosed to the public upon request, not later than (1) 48 hours after an
officer has reviewed it or (2) 96 hours after the recorded incident if the officer does not review the
recording, whichever is earlier, provided the law does not otherwise prevent the recordings
disclosure (see specifically the FOIA exemptions described above) (CGS § 29-6d(f), as amended by
PA 19-90).
Both DESPP and the Division of Criminal Justice (DCJ) maintain webpages that publish legally
releasable multimedia of incidents involving the use of force by police officers, including body
camera recordings (see this DESPP webpage and this DCJ webpage).
Guidelines
Under CGS § 29-6d(j), the police officers are required to follow the DESPP-POST guidelines on
retaining body camera data and storing the data safely and securely (i.e., POST General Notice 15-
05). The officers’ agencies and any other employees within those agencies with access to camera
data must follow the guidelines as well. The guidelines incorporate several CGS § 29-6d provisions,
including on officer review of recordings.
Current Body Camera Law – Other Related Law
All state, municipal, and tribal law enforcement units must, until December 31, 2024, adopt and
maintain (1) the DESPP-POST minimum standards and practices on body cameras or (2) a higher
level of accreditation standards developed by POST or CALEA (CGS § 7-294ee(b), as amended by
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PA 20-1, JSS). The minimum standard and practice for body cameras is that if a unit uses body
cameras, it must have a policy that meets or exceeds the DESPP-POST guidelines on body cameras
(POST General Notice 20-04). Effectively, state and tribal law enforcement units that use body
cameras and are currently excluded from CGS § 29-6d must nevertheless follow or exceed many of
that statute’s requirements to the extent they are incorporated into those guidelines (i.e., POST
General Notice 15-05). (Starting in 2025, state law requires law enforcement units to obtain and
maintain CALEA accreditation (CGS § 7-294ee(b), as amended by PA 20-1, JSS).)
DESPP has an additional body camera policy within its Administration and Operations Manual that
must generally be followed by all its uniformed troopers and police officers scheduled to perform
police duties (see the policy here).
Additionally, DESPP is required, by January 1, 2021, to equip every State Police uniformed trooper
with a body camera (Governor Lamont’s Executive Order No. 8).
Current Dashboard Camera and Electronic Defense Weapon
Recording Equipment Law
State law concerning the use of and the retention of data from dashboard cameras and electronic
defense weapon recording equipment is currently much more limited than it is for body cameras.
For dashboard cameras specifically, the same provisions governing the review and disclosure of
body camera recordings in use of force and discipline situations applies to recordings from
dashboard cameras with a remote recorder (CGS § 29-6d(f), as amended by PA 19-90).
Additionally, DESPP, by January 1, 2021, must equip every Connecticut State Police marked vehicle
with a dashboard camera (Governor Lamont’s Executive Order No. 8).
There is otherwise nothing else in state law currently beyond the inclusion of dashboard cameras
with a remote recorder and electronic defense weapon recording equipment in the OPM
reimbursement grant program (CGS § 7-277b).
By law, a “dashboard camera with a remote recorder” is a camera that (1) attaches to a dashboard
or windshield of a police vehicle, (2) electronically records video of the view through the vehicle’s
windshield, and (3) has an electronic audio recorder that may be operated remotely. “Electronic
defense weapon recording equipment” means an electronic defense weapon (e.g., a stun gun) that
is equipped with electronic audio and visual recording equipment (CGS § 7-277b(c)).
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Additional Body Camera and Dashboard Camera Law Taking
Effect July 1, 2022
Required Use of Body Cameras
Effective July 1, 2022, CGS § 29-6d’s body camera requirement will be expanded to all sworn
members of law enforcement units and members of those units who perform police duties (CGS §
29-6d(c)(1), as amended by PA 20-1, JSS). By law, “law enforcement unit” means any state or
municipal agency or department (or tribal agency or department created and governed under a
memorandum of agreement) whose primary functions include enforcing criminal or traffic laws;
preserving public order; protecting life and property; or preventing, detecting, or investigating crime
(CGS §§ 29-6d(a)(1) and 7-294a(8), as they are amended by PA 20-1, JSS).
DESPP-POST Administrative Materials
The DESPP commissioner and POST must jointly evaluate and approve minimal technical
specifications for dashboard cameras with a remote recorder as well as guidelines on their use and
retaining and storing their data. They must also add guidance on the types of detective work that
should not be recorded to their guidelines on body and dashboard camera use. The law will also
prohibit the DESPP-POST guidelines on retaining body and dashboard camera data from requiring
law enforcement units to store that data for longer than a year except in cases where units know
the data is pertinent to any ongoing civil, criminal, or administrative matter (CGS § 29-6d(b) & (j), as
amended by PA 20-1, JSS).
Required Use of Dashboard Cameras With a Remote Recorder
Beginning July 1, 2022, each law enforcement unit must require the use of dashboard cameras
with a remote recorder in each police patrol vehicle used by any of the officers it employs. The
officers must use the dashboard cameras according to their unit’s adopted policy and based on the
DESPP-POST guidelines (CGS § 29-6d(c)(4), as amended by PA 20-1, JSS). By law, a “police patrol
vehicle” includes (1) any state or local police vehicle, besides administrative vehicles, with a body
camera-wearing occupant, (2) bicycles, (3) motor scooters, (4) all-terrain vehicles, (5) electric
personal assistive mobility devices, and (6) animal control vehicles (CGS § 29-6d(a)(6), as
amended by PA 20-1, JSS).
Applying Existing Body Camera Laws to Dashboard Cameras
Several existing provisions concerning body cameras will apply to dashboard cameras with a
remote recorder beginning July 1, 2022. Specifically, the laws:
1. prohibiting the editing, erasing, copying, sharing, altering, or distributing of camera
recordings or its data except as required by state or federal law;
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2. permitting police officers to review recordings from their cameras to assist in preparing a
report or performing their duties;
3. generally exempting specific recordings (e.g., ones involving minors) from disclosure under
Connecticut’s FOIA and requiring they be confidential; and
4. requiring law enforcement units to follow DESPP-POST guidelines on using cameras,
retaining their data, and storing the data safely and securely (CGS § 29-6d, as amended by
PA 20-1, JSS).
Body Camera and Dashboard Camera Recording Prohibition and
Ensuring Functioning Equipment
The prohibition on using body cameras to intentionally record in specific situations or settings (e.g.,
encounters with undercover officers or informants) unless under an agreement between an
officer’s unit and the federal government will apply to dashboard cameras with a remote recorder
beginning July 1, 2022. Relatedly, encounters with officers performing detective work described in
the DESPP-POST guidelines is added to the list of situations covered by the prohibition (CGS § 29-
6d(g)(1), as amended by PA 20-1, JSS).
The requirements that (1) officers inform their supervisors as soon as practicable after learning that
body cameras are lost, damaged, or malfunctioning and (2) their supervisors ensure that the
reported cameras are inspected and repaired or replaced will be extended to dashboard cameras
with a remote recorder. Relatedly, with both cameras, officers must provide the notice in writing
(CGS § 29-6d(i), as amended by PA 20-1, JSS).
State Funding for Police Recording Devices and Services
OPM Grants for DESPP, Municipalities, and Public Universities
By law, up to $12 million is authorized to OPM for body camera and digital data storage device or
service grants, with $5 million earmarked to DESPP for State Police officers and $7 million to
municipalities for local police officers (PA 15-1, June Special Session, as amended by PA 20-1). (It
appears that OPM and the State Bond Commission treat public university special police forces as
municipalities (see, e.g., this OPM webpage and this November, 29, 2017, State Bond Commission
Agenda).)
Relatedly, a separate law requires OPM to administer a grant program covering body cameras,
digital data storage devices and services, dashboard cameras with a remote recorder, and
electronic defense weapon recording equipment purchased by municipalities. OPM must
administer the grants as reimbursements subject to several statutory requirements. This includes
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that the body cameras and digital data storage devices or services purchased by municipalities
conform to DESPP-POST’s minimal technical specifications (CGS § 7-277b).
Reimbursement grants to municipalities must be distributed within available resources and based
on the following reimbursement methodologies:
Purchases
Reimbursement Rate
1. Body cameras or
2. Digital data storage devices or
services
100% of the costs associated with
the purchases
(though reimbursement for body
cameras must not exceed value for a
sufficient quantity and digital data
storage services is limited to the cost
for up to one year)
1. Body cameras (if a sufficient
quantity is purchased)
100% of the costs associated with
the purchases
1. Body cameras (if a sufficient
quantity is purchased),
2. Digital data storage devices or
services,
3. Electronic defense weapon
recording equipment,
4. First-time purchases of dashboard
cameras with a remote recorder,
or
5. Dashboard cameras with a remote
recorder that replace ones
purchased prior to December 31,
2010
100% of the costs associated with
the purchases
(though reimbursement for digital
data storage services is limited to the
cost for up to one year)
1. Body cameras (if a sufficient
quantity is purchased)
100% of the costs associated with
the purchases
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Purchases
Reimbursement Rate
1. Body cameras,
2. Digital data storage devices or
services,
3. Electronic defense weapon
recording equipment,
4. First-time purchases of dashboard
cameras with a remote recorder,
or
5. Dashboard cameras with a remote
recorder that replace ones
purchased prior to December 31,
2010
50% of the costs associated with the
purchases
(though reimbursement for digital
data storage services is limited to the
cost for up to one year)
The number of body cameras sufficient for reimbursement purposes must be enough to ensure
that sworn police department members, constables, police officers, or other individuals who
perform criminal law enforcement duties under the supervision of a resident state trooper serving
the municipality are supplied with the equipment while interacting with the public in their law
enforcement capacities. The sufficient number of cameras must be determined by the (1) police
chief if the municipality has an organized police department or (2) first selectman or borough
warden, as applicable, if there is no police chief (CGS § 7-277b(a) & (b), as amended by PA 19-11
and PA 20-1). (It appears that OPM has interpreted that public university special police forces can
be treated as municipalities for the purposes of this statute (see this OPM webpage).)
By law, the OPM secretary is responsible for prescribing how municipalities may apply for the
reimbursement grants (CGS § 7-277b(a)). Application instructions are available on this OPM
webpage. OPM will not reimburse purchases procured with federal asset forfeiture funds, federal
grant funds, private contributions, or private foundation funds (see this OPM webpage).
According to OPM, it has made reimbursement grant payments totaling roughly $5.91 million to 38
different participating municipalities (listed above) and over $288,526 to four participating
universities (UConn, Eastern, Southern, and Western). The most recent payment was completed on
May 9, 2020 (see this OPM webpage). (OPM does not provide the status of payments to DESPP on
these webpages since that department is not required to follow the above application process,
however, it appears $2 million to the department was approved by the State Bond Commission in
March 2016 (see these Commission Minutes).)
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Based on a 2016 Plainfield Police Department application, the department spent $895 per camera
(excluding ancillary costs such as for shirt clips and shipping), just over $20,000 for storage
equipment, and almost $39,000 for a one-year data services contract. More recently, in a June 2,
2020, Hartford Courant article, Milford Police Chief Keith Mello, who serves as chairman of the
Connecticut Police Chiefs Association, estimated that cameras cost about $1,000 per unit, with
storage costs averaging $1,000 per year per officer.
Additional OPM Grant Program for Municipalities
PA 20-1, JSS authorizes up to $4 million in general obligation bonds to fund an additional grant
program to aid municipalities. OPM must administer the program within available resources and
distribute grants in fiscal years 21 and 22. Under the act, OPM may approve grants to
municipalities for costs associated with purchasing:
1. body cameras for use by the sworn members of the municipality’s police department or
constables, police officers, or others who perform criminal law enforcement duties under the
supervision of a resident state trooper serving the municipality;
2. digital data storage devices or services;
3. dashboard cameras with a remote recorder for the first time; and
4. dashboard cameras with a remote recorder that replace ones purchased before December
31, 2010.
The body cameras, digital data storage devices and services, and dashboard cameras must
conform to DESPP-POST’s minimal technical specifications in order to be eligible for the grants. The
OPM secretary must establish the grant application process and may prescribe additional technical
or procurement requirements as a condition of receiving the grants.
OPM may award grant amounts of up to (1) 50% of the associated costs for distressed
municipalities and (2) 30% for all other municipalities. In both cases, funding for digital data
storage services is limited to the cost for up to one year.
The Department of Economic and Community Development (DECD) annually ranks municipalities
based on their relative economic and fiscal distress and designates the top 25 as “distressed
municipalities” (CGS § 32-9p(b)). Most recently, in 2019, DECD designated the following
municipalities as distressed: Ansonia, Bridgeport, Bristol, Chaplin, Derby, East Hartford, East Haven,
Griswold, Hartford, Killingly, Meriden, Montville, Naugatuck, New Britain, New Haven, New London,
Norwich, Putnam, Sprague, Sterling, Torrington, Waterbury, West Haven, Winchester, and Windham
(see this list).
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